The author’s reflection takes off from Jacques Derrida’s Monolingualism of the Other or, the Prosthesis of Origin. The chapter proceeds by assessing the hesitant answer given by Barbara Cassin in response to a question from the audience (can we ever learn a second language to the level of our first?) at the end of a lecture entitled ‘More Than One Language’. Her answer is negative on the whole, and she evokes Hannah Arendt’s attachment to her native German. From these two points of departure the chapter seeks to give an account of what we mean by a ‘Mother tongue’, starting with a diachronic account. The Mother tongue isn’t a unitary entity; its construction is the result of a continued process of linguistic interpellation of the speaker; it is therefore the product not so much of an individual as of a social relation. Two detours, through Lucien Sève’s Marxist anthropology and the ‘tetraglossic’ theory of Henri Gobard, help account for this individual-cum-social construction of a speaking subject. The acquisition of a second Mother tongue can then be envisaged, a process that duplicates the acquisition of the original Mother tongue, thus giving a positive answer to the question addressed to Cassin.

Chapter 6 describes the fundamental research questions, empirical approaches and findings of sociolinguistics & anthropological linguistics. These are two interdisciplinary linguistic subfields investigating language (with a focus on variation) in its socio-cultural context. Key issues of empirical research include aspects of data collection, such as fieldwork and participant observation, considerations on linguistic and non-linguistic data types (emic vs. etic parameters), and research participants, as well as methods of analysis. The chapter ends with recommendations for further reading and a list of short exercises and ideas for small research projects.