Shows how wave loads on fixed bodies can be computed, within a linear framework as well as including viscous effects. The validity of the slender body assumption is addressed and MacCamy and Fuchs’ theory is introduced to account for diameter-to-wavelength ratios which are not very small. The concepts of modal mass and loads are introduced. Nonlinear wave loads such as ringing and slamming are discussed.

The preprocessing of Computational Grains (CGs) is introduced in Chapter 3, and several types of CGs have been developed for the micromechanical modeling of different kinds of composites with particulates, fibers, and so on in Chapters 5–11. A multi-scale analysis framework of composite structures by using the CGs and the standard FEM is developed in this chapter, based on the homogenization of composite materials at the microlevel, and slender or shell structures at the meso- and macro-levels. The specific process of the multi-scale algorithm is illustrated with an example of a stiffened composite panel. The results show the multi-scale analysis method is an accurate and efficient tool for large composite structures, not only simulating the overall structural responses in a bottom-up fashion, but also obtaining the detailed stresses at multiple scales in the dehomogenization process.