The domestic British response to the failure of the Niger and Congo expeditions was shaped by the opinions and agendas of various parties. John Barrow worked with the press and the publisher John Murray to produce a narrative that exculpated the government, placing the blame instead on the commanders’ excessive zeal. Groups with commercial or religious interests in Africa cast the setbacks as signs that the continent required colonization by the West, while critics of British involvement in Africa saw the failure of the expeditions as warnings against imperial expansion. The metropolitan scientific community had its own specialized standards for assessing the accomplishments of the two expeditions, and neither measured up to its expectations. If there was broad agreement, then, that the Niger and Congo expeditions failed, they were not heroic failures, unlike Mungo Park’s second expedition. This distinction—and the criteria that informed—determined which explorers lived on in public memory.

The First Voyage of Captain Cook on the Endeavour is often seen as inaugurating a new kind of scientific expedition in which ships functioned both as the primary instrument for the production of global maps and as floating natural history laboratories in which information concerning indigenous people, plants, and animals extended across the globe. This chapter examines the intellectual links between these forms of colonial knowledge-making by discussing the manner in which they first came together in Canada in Moses Harris’s Porcupine Map (1750). The map provides the first published illustrations of Canadian insects; it is also one of the last maps to include representations of indigenous flora and fauna. The task of visualizing global natures would be taken up by the descriptive technologies of natural history. As Cook and Banks were renaming the landforms and biota of the South Pacific, the Hudson’s Bay Company was mapping places and animals, drawing on the knowledge and names provided by indigenous peoples. Although the indigenous understanding of places and animals underwent erasure, these early maps and natural histories are valuable for voicing both European conceptions of new and unfamiliar places and natures and those of indigenous peoples.