Giant panda Ailuropoda melanoleuca exhibits are popular attractions for zoos and wildlife parks. However, it remains to be investigated whether such exhibits enhance visitor knowledge about pandas and broader conservation issues. We conducted questionnaire surveys at giant panda exhibits at three city zoos and five wildlife parks in China. Although visitors were generally interested in the giant panda, this was not reflected in their post-exhibit knowledge of giant panda biology. Socio-demographically, men were more knowledgeable of giant panda biology than women. Knowledge correlated positively with respondent level of education. Younger respondents (< 45 years) knew most about giant pandas and expressed an interest in learning more about them using social media. The most informed respondents had visited other giant panda exhibits previously. Respondents were generally satisfied with the giant panda exhibits (mean score 4.44/5). Wildlife parks delivered a better educational outcome than city zoos. We recommend approaches to improve the visitor experience further and to leverage public interest in broader conservation engagement and action in China.

Chinchilla lanigera intensive breeding programmes are affected by an abnormal repetitive behaviour called ‘fur-chewing’, yet the aetiology is still unknown and little scientific work has been published on this condition. Recent studies have supported the idea that fur-chewing is a stress-related behaviour. In the present study, we used a questionnaire survey in order to: 1) describe general aspects on the epidemiology of fur-chewing in Argentinian farms, and 2) identify which management and/or environmental factors within the breeding facilities may be influencing the occurrence of fur-chewing. The survey consisted of 28 questions focused on farm characteristics, environmental variables and husbandry routines, and was distributed to Argentinian chinchilla farmers. All quantitative variables were tested in a multiple logistic regression model. The mean incidence of fur-chewing was 4.32 ± 0.37% (n = 107 farms). Variables negatively related to fur-chewing were the breeder experience in the activity, the total volume of the facility, and the number of wood shaving changes per week. Positive relationships were found for space index, number of rooms in the facility and presence of different rooms for fur production and reproduction. Other tendencies suggested that farms with the presence of external sound disturbance nearby had higher incidence levels. Also, we detected a tendency towards lower numbers of affected animals with an increment in the provision of dusting baths per week. Finally, results suggested a female prevalence in the development of the behaviour.

APOLLO, a newly funded H2020 EU project will develop an agricultural advisory platform for small farmers based on Copernicus Sentinel satellites. It will provide services for tillage scheduling, irrigation scheduling, crop growth monitoring and yield estimation. The aim of this study was to identify the farmers’ requirements of the APOLLO platform. In total 121 farmers were interviewed in Spain, Serbia and Greece. More than 90% of the farmers pointed out that smart agriculture and use of satellite data in agriculture are important. Additionally, more than 80% want to have access to historical data and a flexible subscription policy to the platform according to their needs and use. However, significant differences exist among farmers of these countries in terms of technology awareness and penetration, which should be taken into consideration for developing a successful platform.

The Critically Endangered Chinese giant salamander Andrias davidianus, the world's largest amphibian, is severely threatened by unsustainable exploitation of wild individuals. However, field data with which to assess the salamander's status, population trends, or exploitation across its geographical range are limited, and recent field surveys using standard ecological field techniques have typically failed to detect wild individuals. We conducted community-based fieldwork in three national nature reserves (Fanjingshan, Leigongshan and Mayanghe) in Guizhou Province, China, to assess whether local ecological knowledge constitutes a useful tool for salamander conservation. We collected a sample of dated salamander sighting records and associated data from these reserves for comparative assessment of the relative status of salamander populations across the region. Although Fanjingshan and Leigongshan are still priority sites for salamander conservation, few recent sightings were recorded in either reserve, and respondents considered that salamanders had declined locally at both reserves. The species may already be functionally extinct at Mayanghe. Although respondent data on threats to salamanders in Guizhou are more difficult to interpret, overharvesting was the most commonly suggested explanation for salamander declines, and it is likely that the growing salamander farming industry is the primary driver of salamander extraction from Guizhou's reserves. Questionnaire-based surveys can collect novel quantitative data that provide unique insights into the local status of salamander populations, and we advocate wide-scale incorporation of this research approach into future salamander field programmes.

Non-attendance in general practice is increasing. In contrast to hospital non-attendance little research has been undertaken on the topic. The aim of this study was to identify the characteristics of non-attending patients and to determine the reasons for general practice non-attendance, so that strategies to reduce it could be devised. Four hundred and ninety-three consecutive non-attenders from five practices in Exeter, Devon were studied. A questionnaire was sent enquiring about the reasons behind the patient's non-attendance and possible strategies to reduce future non-attendances. Of 17 264 appointments 493 (3.9%) were not attended. Females accounted for 278 (56.4%) of the non-attenders. The highest number of non-attenders was in the age group 25–44 years. One hundred and seventy-four (35%) responded to the questionnaire, of whom 60 (35% of responders) had forgotten the appointment. Strategies to reduce general practice non-attendance should focus on assisting the patient to remember the appointment.

There has traditionally been a low level of engagement of primary care practitioners with research. In the UK, primary care trusts (PCTs) now have some responsibility for the encouragement of research and development in primary care. The aim of this study was to assess the current level of research activity and capacity for research within a PCT. A questionnaire, incorporating a recently developed and validated research and development culture index, was sent to all 572 health care professionals and staff under the auspices of North Tyneside Research PCT. Data analysis used nonparametric tests of association including chi-squared, Mann–Whitney U and Spearman's rank order correlation. There was a 50.3 per cent response rate to the questionnaire. Groups more likely to show an increased capacity for research included those with postgraduate qualifications and those in post for the least time. General practitioners were less likely than other professional groupings to declare personal skills or aptitude for research. The two most important factors thought to contribute towards the development of a culture of R&D were having access to people to support development and changes in professional practice and having access to training and development opportunities. The use of the R&D culture index enabled groups to be identified that may be more research interested and can therefore be targeted to increase research capacity. The R&D culture index could be used by other PCTs wishing to define and develop research capacity in primary care.

Abstract

This article discusses the challenging question of facilitating the educational requirements of students who enter the extended/supplementary prescribing programmes from diverse clinical backgrounds. Data emerging from a survey of mental health nurses (MHNs) by one of the authors (S.H.) and specifically what they perceive as the educational providers role in helping them develop as prescribers is presented. Secondly, the second author (J.D.) then discusses the implications of responding to student's expectations and importantly facilitating competence for the student for the differing contexts of where they will prescribe.

Fox culling practices in three contrasting rural regions (1280–2320 km2) of Britain were investigated by questionnaire surveys of landowners and tenant farmers. Between 50 and 52% of all farmers identified in each region contributed to the survey (total number of replies = 1123). Fox culling was widespread in all regions, with 70–95% of farmers involved either directly or indirectly as hosts. Motivation for culling foxes and the methods employed reflected regional variation in agricultural and game-shooting interests. Social factors associated with fox-hunting for sport also played an important role in one region. The contribution to the total fox cull made by communally organized groups operating over large tracts of farmland, and the efforts of individual farmers at a local scale, also varied regionally. The numbers of foxes culled were close to published estimates of annual productivity in British fox populations. Deliberate culling was therefore likely to be the chief cause of fox mortality in these regions. The marked differences in culling practices between these regions provide a strong case that the impact of culling on fox population dynamics must be assessed for regions of this size, as well as at a more local scale. Studies at a national scale (e.g. the whole of Britain) are probably of little biological or sociological significance. The success of different interest groups in achieving their aims, and the consequences of any change in culling practices must also be considered at a similar geographical scale.