The first chapter of this book begins with understanding of African histories as the headspring of cultural and political expressions in Saint Domingue, with the hopes of uncovering Africans’ and African descendants’ epistemological and ontological core. The chapter gives an overview of the African origins of slave trade captives through the lens of several themes: religion, warfare, rebellion, slavery, and anti-slavery sentiment. The chapter focuses on regions and ethnic groups most affected by French trading to Saint Domingue: Aradas and Nagô/Yorubas from the Bight of Benin, and KiKongo-speaking peoples of West Central Africa. A survey of those political cultures, African slavery and the French Atlantic slave trade, and coastal and slave ship resistances demonstrates that Africans’ consciousness was imbued with complex localized ideas about the nature of slavery – and legacies of resistance to it – before disembarking at Saint Domingue.

If one picks up the travelogue of any nineteenth-century explorer, chances are it will discuss the payment of transit levies, or hongo as it was commonly called. Most European travellers dismissed hongo as mere blackmail. But to understand roadblock politics today, we need to acknowledge how significant such transit taxes were for the transformation of African politics. Chapter 2 zooms in on the heyday of these roadblock polities, roughly between 1820 and 1890, along two of the main long-distance trade routes into Central Africa: the Congo River and the trunk road from Zanzibar. Out of the narrow points of passage along them, the increasing circulation of goods valued in Europe and the USA allowed African communities to manufacture veritable roadblock polities. They forged power out of the capacity to withhold the minimal logistical requirements necessary for these pre-colonial supply chains to operate: the right of way, protection against robbery, and access to water and other basic supplies on which caravan travel relied. Control over such points soon became so important that it overtook other sources of power as the central driving force behind state formation in the region.

The first chapter of this book begins with understanding of African histories as the headspring of cultural and political expressions in Saint Domingue, with the hopes of uncovering Africans’ and African descendants’ epistemological and ontological core. The chapter gives an overview of the African origins of slave trade captives through the lens of several themes: religion, warfare, rebellion, slavery, and anti-slavery sentiment. The chapter focuses on regions and ethnic groups most affected by French trading to Saint Domingue: Aradas and Nagô/Yorubas from the Bight of Benin, and KiKongo-speaking peoples of West Central Africa. A survey of those political cultures, African slavery and the French Atlantic slave trade, and coastal and slave ship resistances demonstrates that Africans’ consciousness was imbued with complex localized ideas about the nature of slavery – and legacies of resistance to it – before disembarking at Saint Domingue.