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Least-squares methods provide the mathematical foundation for optimization of algebraic systems.They can be applied to overdetermined systems, having more equations than unknowns, or undertermined systems, having fewer equations than unknowns.The optimization may involve constraints or be subject to a penalty function.Numerical methods, namely the conjugate-gradient and GMRES methods, that are based on least-squares optimization method are discussed in detail and put into the context of other Krylov-based methods.
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