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The significant biological, psychological, and social reorganization that occurs across adolescence lays the groundwork for both normative patterns of change as well as emerging individual differences in how youth respond to increasing exposure to stressors in their environment during this formative stage of life. This chapter aims to provide a comprehensive summary regarding changes in the psychological and behavioral components of stress responses across adolescence and the pubertal transition as well as the associated patterns of maturation in relevant physiological systems, including brain structure and function, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. A focus is placed on understanding both advances in stress responses as well as ways in which stress responses may become disrupted during this critical developmental stage, with an eye toward identifying characteristics of youth or their experiences that predict diverging developmental trajectories in responses to stress during this stage of risk and opportunity.
The dynamical systems approach to cognition is the theoretical framework within which this embodied view of cognition can be formalized. This chapter reviews the core concepts of the dynamical systems approach and illustrates them through a set of experimentally accessible examples. Particular attention is given to how cognition can be understood in terms that are compatible with principles of neural function, most prominently, with the space-time continuity of neural processes. The chapter reviews efforts to form concepts based on the mathematical theory of dynamical systems into a rigorous scientific approach toward cognition that embraces the embodied and situated stance. The chapter explains how behavioral signatures of the neural field dynamics may provide evidence for the Dynamical Field Theory (DFT) account of cognition. The theoretical concept of stability, at the core of dynamical systems thinking, is the key to understanding autonomy.
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