The present article analyzes the meaning and form of onomatopoeias in Tjwao, a Khoe-Kwadi (Kalahari Khoe) language. Making use of a prototype approach to categorization, a corpus of 113 onomatopoeic lexemes were tested for their compliance with the semantic, phonetic, and morphological features associated with the prototype of onomatopoeias in scholarly literature. The evidence demonstrates that Tjwao onomatopoeias tend to instantiate the prototype fully. This signifies, in turn, that, as far as their phonetics and morphology are concerned, Tjwao onomatopoeias tend to be extra-systematic.

This article aims to examine to what extent English and Jordanian Arabic (JA) have the same classification of N + N compounds based on their degree of compositionality. It also attempts to propose a universally applicable classification of compositionality in N + N compounds. I suggest a modified version of the degree of compositionality based on previous classifications by Fernando (1996), Dirven and Verspoor (1998), and Kavka (2009). The new classification is based on the semantic contribution of the head and the non-head to the meaning of the whole compound. After I have applied the new scale to the JA data, I argue that English and JA have compounds that exhibit the four degrees of compositionality; namely completely compositional, semi-compositional, semi non-compositional and completely non-compositional. The article concludes with some recommendations for future research.

This article provides a description of complex patterns in which a verb combines with a morphologically invariable particle to form a single grammatical and phonological unit in Vincentian creole (VinC). English is replete with what grammars refer to as phrasal and prepositional verbs. Speakers of VinC also resort to these patterns which appear to have retained meanings from English. The combinations investigated testify to some measure of morphological change. Additionally, their semantic outcomes are treated as innovations to the extent that they have either not been attested in English or have degrees of compositionality that differ from those of English items. Arguably, such phrasal combinations are not typically considered relevant to word formation, given that they do not form a unitary element from a grammatical perspective. Evidence is provided to show that combinations of verbs and particles in [V+P]v can be analyzed as a product of compounding.

This paper provides a metric for determining whether a given pair of English words is perceived to be morphologically related, based on objective measurements of the words’ orthographic, phonetic, and semantic similarity to each other. The metric is developed on the basis of results from a behavioural study in which participants were asked to judge the relative similarity of pairs of words. The metric is intended to help researchers determine which forms in a language plausibly have segments that alternate; as an example, it is applied to the lexicon of English to illustrate its utility in calculating the frequency of alternation of [s] and [ʃ].

Theoretical accounts of Greek compounds argue for a close relation between their stress properties and their underlying structure. Compounds that preserve and receive stress at the same position as their second constituent are analyzed as stem-word constructions, while those that receive antepenultimate stress are viewed as belonging to the stem-stem category. Using an auditory lexical decision task, we examine the effect of stress change on the processing of compounds in the light of existing theoretical linguistic accounts. Although our experimental results do not reach statistical significance, we believe that they are informative of the cognitive status and role of stress in compound processing. Finally, they relate to existing theories of compounding in Greek and reflect the complex interaction of the psycholinguistic effects of stress and the structural properties of these constructions.

Many rustic breeds under low levels of genetic selection maintain variations in coat colour, which local farmers link to production traits, but few quantitative analyses have been made of the effect of coat colour on several zootechnical parameters of importance. The aim of the study was to describe differences in morphology, production, behaviour and welfare of adult sheep ewes (n = 50) in a Chamarita breed flock in terms of coat colour. The wool and skin colour of Chamarita sheep are quite variable, with white, black and galana sheep. Morphological measurements (weight, body length, height at withers and thorax circumference) were not significantly different for different coat colours but white sheep tended to be larger. Average litter size (1.29 lambs per ewe) was also similar, but white coated sheep gave birth to larger lambs. White-mother lambs also had a higher average daily growth during the milking period, although final weaning weight was similar to black ones. Most (>70 percent) of all the aggressive interactions observed were performed by white sheep, while affiliative interactions (friendly interactions that promote group cohesion) were similar among coat colour. Regarding the welfare assessment, most indicators were similar among sheep with different coat colour except for glucose in blood plasma, which was higher in white sheep. Chamarita ewes are relatively small compared with other breeds, and well adapted to their environment, including the production system and harder climatic conditions. Their performance is within the average of local breeds and still has margins for improvement, which underline the importance of their conservation.

Introduction. Diverse fruit crops with a high value reduce the risk of crop failure and offer alternatives to farmers and the market. The scope of profitable production with such quality crops along with environmental concerns make the evaluation of new species desirable. The aim of our study was to determine the most appropriate species of Physalis for small-scale commercial production in the temperate climate of western Himalayan regions. Materials and methods. Four Physalis species, viz., P. peruviana, P. ixocarpa, P. pruinosa and P. nicandroides, were field-grown during 2010–2011 in the experimental field of the Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture, Srinagar, India, to determine the most appropriate species of Physalis suitable for a temperate climate. Results and discussion. All the species tested produced vegetative growth, flowered and fruited; however, they differed significantly. The number of basal shoots was found to be maximum for P. pruinosa (6.37), whereas the maximum number of prickles per shoot was recorded as maximum for P. nicandroides (6.48). The number of points of attachment varied significantly with species, and the maximum was recorded for P. pruinosa and P. ixocarpa (7.16 for each); the maximum size of fully developed leaves (146.8 mm) and overall plant height (168.27 cm) were recorded for P. pruinosa. Physalis pruinosa and P. ixocarpa were found to exhibit vigorous growth under a temperate climate. Significant differences were recorded for fruiting, flowering and yield potential among the Physalis species. The minimum days taken for bud burst were reported for P. nicandroides (23.55) and P. ixocarpa (24.41). Similarly, the minimum days taken to reach maturity were reported for P. peruviana (64.96). The maximum number of fruits per plant (260.23), length of fruit (33.83 mm), average fruit weight (37.19 g), husk weight (0.32 g), fruit husk ratio (121.27), maximum fruit firmness (43.96 Relative Index) and yield (9.96 Relative Index) were recorded for P. pruinosa. Significant variation was recorded in quality attributes. The highest total soluble solids were found for P. nicandroides (8.46 °Brix), whereas the minimum total titrable acidity (0.35%) and maximum ascorbic content (38.41 mg·100 g–1) were recorded for P. peruviana. The ‘L’ value of fruits, showing brightness, was recorded as the highest for P. peruviana (58.97), whereas fruits of all the species showed a negative ‘a’ value, indicating that none of them produced redness; however, the ‘b’ value, indicating yellowness, was maximum for P. pruinosa (18.72).

The Ardennaise breed is emblematic of the Belgian poultry diversity. We compared two varieties of the breed, the golden black and the silver black. The comparison encompassed: (i) the morphology of adult birds, (ii) the growth, carcass characteristics and meat quality of broilers 22 weeks old, (iii) the laying rate during 52 weeks and the egg quality. Significant differences were observed in the size of mature males and females: body weight, diameter and length of the tarsus, size of the comb and wattles. The two varieties did not differ concerning the carcass and meat quality traits. The golden black has a higher laying rate and a higher yolk / albumen ratio, but lays lighter eggs. It could be interesting to complete this study by molecular markers analysis to evaluate the degree of genetic diversity between the two varieties.

Pattanam is an important mutton-breed sheep of Tamil Nadu, India and is popular among the farmers for its heavy body weight. Despite its economic importance and distinct identity, this breed is not included in the list of descript sheep breeds at the national level, as it is not researched so far. Hence, a study has been made to document the habitat, distribution, physical traits, production and reproduction performances and the existing management practices of Pattanam sheep of Tamil Nadu, India. The preliminary study revealed that Pattanam sheep is a large-sized breed with compact body and uniformly creamy white in colour with black colour in the ventral region from the inner side of the jowl extending up to the inguinal region. Pure breed animals were distributed in the Paramakudi, Mudukulathur and Kamuthi taluks of Ramanathapuram district and Aruppukottai and Thiruchuli taluks of Virudunagar district of southern agroclimatic zone of Tamil Nadu, India. The means of body length, height at withers and chest girth in adult rams were 80.65 ± 0.49, 85.58 ± 0.58 and 93.65 ± 0.35 cm and in adult ewes were 70.05 ± 0.45, 72.80 ± 0.65 and 78.34 ± 0.35 cm, respectively. The body weight in adult rams and ewes were 51.50 ± 1.20 and 36.95 ± 0.51 kg, respectively. Pattanam sheep are used extensively for breeding purposes with other native breeds especially from Coimbatore, Kilakarsal and Ramnad White sheep of Tamil Nadu.

The objective of this study was the morphological characterization of the sheep population in the southwest of Tunisia. A joint analysis of quantitative and qualitative characters was carried out on 987 animals of three breeds: two local breeds (Barbarine (BAR) and Queue Fine de l'Ouest (QFG and QFT)) and an exotic breed introduced from Morocco, the D'man (DMN) breed.

Results on quantitative characters (height at withers (HG), body length (LC), thorax perimeter (PT), body weight of males (P♂) and body weight of females (P♀)) showed a significant superiority of the Queue Fine de l'Ouest breed compared to the other two breeds. On the other hand, results on qualitative characters (fleece color, horn and wattles) showed white to be the dominant color of the fleece in the Barbarine and Queue Fine breeds, while for the D'man breed there were various colors. Generally, females of the three breeds were polled while males were horned for the Queue Fine and polled for the Barbarine and D'man breeds. The Barbarine distinguishes itself from the other breeds by the total absence of wattles which are predominantly missing in the other two breeds.

Genetic distances estimated on the basis of quantitative characters showed that distances found between the Barbarine-D'man and Fine Tail of Ouest-D'man breeds were higher than those found between the Barbarine-Queue Fine breeds.

The Ripollesa sheep breed is an important Spanish local breed mainly located in the Mediterranean mountains and cultivated plains of Catalonia, exploited under semi-extensive production systems and currently intended for meat production. The morphological characterization of the Ripollesa breed was carried out from the study of eight flocks representative of different subpopulations. A total of 224 Ripollesa ewes and 17 rams were recorded for their live weight and 12 morphological measures, which were used for calculating 12 zootechnical indexes. Differences (P < 0.05) between flocks and sexes were revealed for several measures. A principal component analysis was performed on the morphological measures and revealed two main principal components accounting for 47.6 and 12.3 percent of the inertia, being related to the frame (body size and live weight) and to withers height and ear length, respectively. The cluster analysis allowed differentiating among four subpopulations with relevant implications to be taken into account for the breed conservation programme. The observed differences could be attributable to geographic location, selective history, flock management and genetics. The estimated zootechnical indexes classified the Ripollesa sheep breed as a medium-sized and long-shaped body frame, with a marked orientation to meat production and with signs of adaptation to the environment.

Animals from distant lands fired the imaginations of people living in Europe throughout the Middle Ages. This is attested by a considerable wealth of iconographic and written material which has been explored from many perspectives, providing valuable insights into medieval western conceptualizations of the fringes of the known world and the otherness of exotica. However, the physical remains of non-indigenous species – both those recovered from archaeological contexts and extant in private collections – have generally been examined in isolation and rarely incorporated into a broader framework exploring the reception and utility of exotica. This article offers a new perspective on the topic by focusing on the zoological identity of non-indigenous animal body parts as ‘material culture’.

Le genre Setodes est signalé pour la première fois à Madagascar. Cinq espèces nouvelles sont décrites. Les affinités de ce petit groupe relativement homogène sont asiatiques et l'hypothèse d'une colonisation probable de la Grande Île depuis l'Inde est discutée. La répartition géographique et l'écologie des espèces sont analysées en fonction de l'altitude et de la distance de la source.

The immature stages of the predaceous mite Typhlodromus talbii Athias-Henriot are described. The mite was reared on different prey species and pollen in the laboratory, and its developmental parameters calculated. Tydeus californicus (Banks) was found to be the most suitable and nourishing diet, giving a shorter life cycle and higher female fecundity (8.8 days and 33.4 eggs respectively), than the scale insect Coccus acuminatum (Gennadius) (10.0 days and 24.8 eggs respectively) at 25 °C. Other associates of Typ. talbii, the eriophyid Cesaberoptus kenyae Keifer, the tetranychid Oligonychus mangiferus (R. & S.) as well as date palm and castor oil pollen, were unsuitable diet. When reared on moving stages of Tyd. californicus (Banks) at 70 ± 5 % RH, 16:8 (L:D) h photoperiod and temperatures of 15,20,25,28,30,32 and 35 °C, the total developmental time of Typ. talbii averaged 21.3, 12.4, 8.8, 7.6, 7.1, 5.8 and 11.6 days respectively. The intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm) and the net reproduction (Ro) reached maximum values of 0.299 individuals per female per day and 28.06 times respectively, at 32 °C.

Tanytarsus bukavus Lehmann, 1979 and Tanytarsus congolensis Lehmann, 1979 are transferred to the genus CladotanytarsusKieffer. Adult males as well as pupae of both species are redescribed and the female of T. bukavus is described as new to science.An emended diagnosis to include the presence or absence of pedes spurii B for Cladotanytarsus pupae is given.

Différents aspects de la conservation, de l'aménagement et de la revitalisation des cours d'eau sont présentés par la description des concepts, des méthodes, des matériaux et des résultats obtenus. Une place particulière est faite aux méthodes du génie végétal permettant d'atteindre des résultats hydroécologiques fonctionnels. Les fondements sont expliqués, de même que les paramètres à prendre en compte pour qu'une opération soit réussie au point de vue technique et surtout biologique. Le génie végétal s'inscrit dans un contexte de développement durable des hydrosystèmes utilisés par l'Homme, basés sur la conservation ou la réimplantation de systèmes dynamiques rivulaires disparus. Il s'inscrit, tout comme d'autres «génies», dans la panoplie des techniques à disposition des ingénieurs pour résoudre certains problèmes d'érosion. L'ensemble de l'article donne une information et un état des connaissances actuelles sur le génie végétal. Il est cependant clairement démontré qu'il utilise les plantes vivantes comme matériaux de construction permettant d'obtenir des ouvrages extrêmement fonctionnels et durables. Il n'emploie pas les végétaux comme éléments cosmétiques de décoration d'ouvrage de génie civil ! Toute intervention sur un cours d'eau n'étant pas forcément souhaitable, l'opportunité d'une variante zéro est envisagée. La philosophie devant prévaloir aux aménagements de cours d'eau se base sur une logique naturelle qui veut que le végétal, selon les cas, soit privilégié avant le minéral : - 1) Déterminer s'il y a réellement lieu de devoir intervenir en fonction des impacts et des enjeux (variante zéro) - 2) Evaluer si les techniques végétales peuvent satisfaire à la résolution des problèmes.- 3) En cas contraire, établir si des techniques combinées peuvent pallier aux problèmes. - 4) Seulement à ce stade, appliquer une technique habituelle de génie civil pour autant qu'elle s'avère raisonnable et proportionnée. Aménager un cours d'eau n'est pas qu'une simple affaire de calculs hydrauliques. Une connaissance des fonctions biologiques est nécessaire à l'élaboration des concepts d'intervention. Une analyse fine de l'ensemble du cours d'eau selon des critères hydroécologiques s'avère aujourd'hui indispensable. Pour mener à bien la conception d'une conservation, d'un aménagement naturel ou d'une revitalisation de cours d'eau, des directives sont proposées.

Changes in body shape of the rotifer Keratella quadrata in a pond were recorded over the course of half a year (endof November 1981 to beginning of June 1982). Body and caudal spine lengths increased from November until the endof February, and then decreased until June. Such changes were not significantly correlated consistently positively ornegatively to water temperature, pH, hardness, food levels or copepod numbers. The individuals present during the firsthalf of the study period corresponded most closely to the literature descriptions of the group or subspecies quadrata,while those present during the second half resembled the form, group or variety dispersa. The first half of the studyperiod was characterized by water of relatively low temperature, low pH and high hardness, while, for the second half, temperature and pH increased and hardness decreased.

Detailed biology of the sorghum earhead bug, Calocoris angustatus Lethierry was studied at Dharwad, India during 1979–1981. Egg incubation and nymphal developmental period ranged from 5.6–11.0 and 10.0–17.0 days, respectively. The duration of first, second, third, fourth and fifth nymphal instars was 2.2 to 3.4, 2.3 to 3.0, 2.0 to 2.8, 2.0 to 3.0 and 2.0 to 2.7 days, respectively. The males lived for 8.9 to 17.6 days and females for 12.2 to 21.3 days. Fecundity varied from 57.7 to 267.1 eggs per female. Preoviposition, oviposition and post oviposition periods varied from 1.2 to 2.1, from 7.2 to 14.0 and from 5.0 to 15.8 days, respectively. All the developmental stages of the bug are described.

A field and laboratory investigation of the food and feeding behavior of larvae of the potamanthid mayfly Anthopotamusverticis (Say) was conducted from 1989 to 1991 on a population from the Tippecanoe River, Indiana (USA). Gutcontent analyses indicated that all size classes of larvae are detritivores, with over 95 % of food consisting of fine detritalparticles. Videomacroscopy indicated that all size classes of larvae are filter feeders, able to utilize both active depositfilter feeding and passive seston filter feeding cycles in their interstitial microhabitat. Deposit filter feeding initially incorporates the removal of loosely deposited detritus with the forelegs. Seston filter feeding initially incorporates filteringby long setae on the forelegs and palps. Mandibular tusks are used to help remove detritus from the foreleg setae. ASEM examination of filtering setae indicated they are hairlike and bipectinate, being equipped with lateral rows of setules.The results show that previous assumptions that potamanthid larvae were collector/gatherers are erroneous. Theresults are applicable to congeners, and all potamanthids, including Palearctic and Oriental elements, are hypothesizedto be filter feeders, differing only in some details of behavior.

La larve de Thremma tellae est décrite pour la première fois, par comparaison avec celle de Thremma gallicum, dont elle se distingue nettement par quelques particularités morphologiques. Son fourreau et son comportement constructeur constituent les caractères les plus originaux. Les auteurs donnent également quelques remarques biogéographiques et écologiques.