Lepraria granulata Slavíková, a new species from Eastern and Central Europe, is described. According to its morphology, ITS sequence and ecology, it belongs to the L. neglecta core group. Lepraria granulata is characterized by producing atranorin and two, so far unidentified, fatty acids (‘granulata unknown 1 & 2’) and phylogenetic analyses show that it is clearly distinguished from previously known species. Two additional taxa, provisionally named Lepraria sp. G and Lepraria sp. BG, are also discussed. According to their morphology and ITS sequences, they also belong to the L. neglecta group. Lepraria sp. G is sister to L. granulata whereas Lepraria sp. BG is basal and well separated from all taxa so far known in the group. Their taxonomic status is not yet entirely clear.

Three new species of Lepraria, L. celata, L. humida, and L. sylvicola, are described from Europe. They each possess a finely granular unstratified thallus containing fatty acids and atranorin, but can be distinguished from each other by the type of fatty acids present and by their ecology. Anthraquinones are present in subthalline hyphae of L. humida and L. sylvicola, and are also reported for L. atlantica. Toensbergianic acid can be produced by L. jackii as a minor compound. A key is presented to species of Lepraria containing fatty acids and atranorin as major substances.

The new species Lepraria santosii Argüello & Crespo is described from the Canary Islands. It is characterized by a crustose to subsquamulose thallus with slightly raised rim and the presence of atranorin and the stictic acid chemosyndrome. It is currently known from Tenerife (Canary Islands), where it grows on soil over basaltic rocks in the laurel forest. Twelve new sequences of the ITS region from this species and L. isidiata were obtained and analysed with sequences downloaded from GenBank. Maximum parsimony and Bayesian analyses suggest that Lepraria santosii is closely related to L. isidiata. The latter name is here lectotypified and the characters for the distinction of the two species from similar taxa are discussed.