This chapter focuses on the social recognition of LGBTIQ relationships and families and diversity within different relationship and family forms. A particular focus here is on the legal recognition of same-gender relationships and the impact that legal recognition can have on wider relationships and families. With reference to a range of contexts, this chapter first reviews research on marriage equality. Next, it focuses on families of choice and diverse communities, including polyamorous relationships and the complexities of relationships for bisexual and pansexual people. Other forms of consensual non-monogamy are also discussed.

Indirect regime change is, in principle, forbidden under international law because it affects the heart of a state’s domaine réservé. The inducement of oppositional TG aims at indirectly reconfiguring the constitutional order of the target state through TG. Applied as a coercive unilateral measure, it is hard to sustain that this practice complies with the principle of non-intervention. This conclusion suffers a theoretical and rather improbable exception: the scenario of constitutional texts explicitly and directly validating ius cogens violations. Another exception, which could become less theoretical, is when the UNSC induces an oppositional transition under Chapter VII of the UN Charter, or authorises states to do so as a way to cope with a threat to or breach of international peace and security. In such cases, the UNSC could only empower an oppositional TA after a conscientious assessment of the TA’s compliance with ius in interregno.