“How Hybrid Bureaucracy and Permit Regimes Made Citizenship” tracks the bureaucratic response to the violence of partition, war, and independence in each of the states, focusing on the mobility regimes established to prevent return in Israel and India, where the documents and evidentiary demands of the mobility regimes enabled claims to citizenship. Focusing on the adoption of the colonial bureaucratic toolkit of emergency by the governments of independent India and Israel to restrict the mobility of returning Muslim and Palestinian refugees, the chapter show how mobility restrictions became obstacles to claims to citizenship. Demonstrating how the transfer of bureaucratic practices governing mobility depended on the continuity of emergency laws, this chapter shows the divergent outcome in Cyprus, which relinquished emergency laws at independence.

The final chapter offers a brief summary of the core arguments of the book, specifically explaining that the environmental minimum constitutes a normatively attractive and practically viable framework that translates general and abstract committments into specific and practical measures to protect the environment. The chapter then explores the overarching incremental theme of the environmental minimum, highlighting its preference for continuity with established legal categories and principles. It closes with an outlook and situates the framework in the broader legal and socio-political landscape.