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2 results

  • Chapter 15 - Spinal cord injury

  • from Section 3 - Specific conditions
  • Edited by Clare J. Fowler, Jalesh N. Panicker, Anton Emmanuel, University College London
  • Book:
    Pelvic Organ Dysfunction in Neurological Disease
    Published online:
    06 December 2010
    Print publication:
    04 November 2010, pp 241-254

  • Summary

    Neurogenic bladder dysfunction has many different pathogeneses and one drug or therapeutic mechanism would be unlikely to be effective for all causes. The human prostate and the bladder neck contain a dense population of a1AR and stimulation of those receptors results in increased smooth muscle tone and increased closure of the urethra. In-vitro studies have shown that non-selective β-adrenoreceptor (βAR) agonists like isoprenaline have a pronounced inhibitory effect on the human bladder, causing increases in bladder capacity. Studies have found that symptoms of sensory urgency are associated with increased TRPV1 expression in the trigonal mucosa. An orally active TRPV1 antagonist has shown the ability to completely prevent bladder reflex overactivity triggered by capsaicin infusion. The TRPV4 cation channel has been found to mediate stretch-evoked Ca2+ influx and ATP release in primary urothelial cell cultures, suggesting this is a sensor molecule in detecting bladder distension.

  • Plasma non-esterified fatty acid response to a β-adrenergic challenge before or after feeding in energy underfed or overfed, dry or lactating cows

  • Y. Chilliard, A. Ferlay, L. Desprès, F. Bocquier
  • Journal:
    Animal Science / Volume 67 / Issue 2 / October 1998
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    02 September 2010, pp. 213-223
    Print publication:
    October 1998

  • The effects of adrenergic challenge (in order to evaluate the adipose tissue lipolytic potential) and time of challenge relative to feeding on the response curve of plasma non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) in four underfed or overfed non-lactating non-pregnant cows were studied. Basal NEFA and NEFA response to isoproterenol (ISO; 4 nmol/kg body weight) were higher when challenged before than after feeding and higher in underfed than overfed cows. Interaction between feeding level and time of challenge was significant (P < 0·001) for the rising part of NEFA response. Pooled NEFA response curves from several trials (no. = 63 challenges) were analysed in order to obtain a simplified procedure for the prediction of the NEFA response. High correlations were found between the response area or maximal NEFA response and NEFA response at 15 min (r = 0·95 and 0·98, respectively). This simplified procedure was applied on pooled data from 84 challenges in order to evaluate the effects of energy balance, physiological status, body condition score (BCS) and time of challenge relative to feeding. Energy balance had a significant effect on basal plasma NEFA and NEFA response at 15 min after ISO challenge (–7·6 and –14·2 μmol/l when the daily energy balance increased by 1 MJ, respectively). Time of ISO injection relative to feeding had a greater effect on stimulated NEFA than on basal NEFA (308 v. 239 μmol/l). There was a significant effect of BCS (41 μmol/l per unit of BCS) on the basal plasma NEFA level. The NEFA response at 15 min after ISO challenge was lower (387 μmol/l) in lactating cows than in dry cows. The NEFA response to ISO at 15 min could provide an efficient method of studying the adipose tissue lipolytic potential of cattle in vivo.