How regions emerge as political, social and economic entities, how they are conceptualized and how they come to provide a basis for identities around which political relations are configured are the major themes of this chapter. It includes an account of the idea of regional society in conceptualizing regional formations as well as attention to the role of area studies in the post-war period of decolonization and the Cold War. Also implicated in the emergence of area studies is the modernization paradigm that continues to underpin ideas about regional development in the global South. The final section addresses the framework for analysis offered by postcolonial approaches and suggests that the lens needs to be adjusted to take account of important instances of non-Western colonialism in Oceania while also offering a more critical perspective on the often taken-for-granted binaries of colonizer–colonized, domination–subordination, and repression–resistance.

Chapter 4 explores how transnational, antifascist constructions of blackness in Mexico allowed anthropologist Gonzalo Aguirre Beltrán and artist-cum-ethnographer Miguel Covarrubias to trace Mexican cultural expressions back to Africa. It shows how Mexican and Afro-diasporic politics converged during the Second World War, when Mexico transformed into an ideal site for the inter-American study of indigenous and African-descended peoples and cultures. With Mexico City as the headquarters for the International Institute of Afro-American Studies, an impressive cohort of scholars concerned with blackness in the Americas -- including W. E. B. Du Bois, Melville and Frances Herskovits, and Fernando Ortiz -- came into direct contact with Mexican social science. As other nations took inspiration from Mexico’s cultural brand of race, these Aguirre Beltrán and Covarrubias adopted the ethnographic theories and methods prevalent elsewhere used to recognize the presence of African cultural retentions, or Africanisms, in the Western Hemisphere. For the first time, ethnographic data and archival research about African slaves and their descendants from the United States, Cuba, and Brazil were relevant to Mexican history and ethnography.