The relationship between culture and intelligence is complex and characterized by a lack of consensus regarding the definition and operationalization of each construct. Due to limited or non-existent health care, particular racial and ethnic groups are at greater risk for sensory loss and other health problems that may lower their performance on intelligence measures, for example, higher blood lead levels leading to cognitive deficits. This chapter discusses the measures of intelligence that include g factor, test bias, cultural loading, and test fairness. A number of alternative assessment practices have emerged in recent years in part to address criticisms of the usage of intelligence tests with members of racial and ethnic minority groups. It should be noted that the IQ difference between Black and White 12- year-olds has dropped 5.5 points. Asians and Asian Americans have often obtained the highest group averages on standardized intelligence tests.