Mental disorders and physical-health conditions frequently co-occur, impacting treatment outcomes. While most prior research has focused on single pairs of mental disorders and physical-health conditions, this study explores broader associations between multiple mental disorders and physical-health conditions.

Using the Norwegian primary-care register, this population-based cohort study encompassed all 2 203 553 patients born in Norway from January 1945 through December 1984, who were full-time residents from January 2006 until December 2019 (14 years; 363 million person-months). Associations between seven mental disorders (sleep disturbance, anxiety, depression, acute stress reaction, substance-use disorders, phobia/compulsive disorder, psychosis) and 16 physical-health conditions were examined, diagnosed according to the International Classification of Primary Care.

Of 112 mental-disorder/physical-health condition pairs, 96% of associations yielded positive and significant ORs, averaging 1.41 and ranging from 1.05 (99.99% CI 1.00–1.09) to 2.38 (99.99% CI 2.30–2.46). Across 14 years, every mental disorder was associated with multiple different physical-health conditions. Across 363 million person-months, having any mental disorder was associated with increased subsequent risk of all physical-health conditions (HRs:1.40 [99.99% CI 1.35–1.45] to 2.85 [99.99% CI 2.81–2.89]) and vice versa (HRs:1.56 [99.99% CI 1.54–1.59] to 3.56 [99.99% CI 3.54–3.58]). Associations were observed in both sexes, across age groups, and among patients with and without university education.

The breadth of associations between virtually every mental disorder and physical-health condition among patients treated in primary care underscores a need for integrated mental and physical healthcare policy and practice. This remarkable breadth also calls for research into etiological factors and underlying mechanisms that can explain it.

Forcibly displaced people, such as refugees and asylum-seekers (RAS), are at higher risk of mental disorders, mainly post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression and anxiety. Little is known about the complex relationships between these mental disorders among culturally and linguistically diverse RAS. To investigate this, the present study applied a novel network analytical approach to examine and compare the central and bridge symptoms within and between PTSD, depression and anxiety among Afghan and Syrian RAS in Türkiye.

A large-scale online survey study with 785 Afghan and 798 Syrian RAS in Türkiye was conducted in 2021. Symptoms of PTSD (the short form of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders Checklist [PCL-5]), depression and anxiety (Hopkins Symptoms Checklist-25) [HSCL-25]) were measured via self-administrated validated instruments. We conducted network analysis to identify symptoms that are most strongly connected with other symptoms (central symptoms) and those that connect the symptoms of different disorders (bridge symptoms) in R Studio using the qgraph package.

Overall, Afghans and Syrians differed in terms of network structure, but not in network strength. Results showed that feeling blue, feeling restless and spells of terror or panic were the most central symptoms maintaining the overall symptom structure of common mental disorders among Afghan participants. For Syrian participants, worrying too much, feeling blue and feeling tense were identified as the central symptoms. For both samples, anger and irritability and feeling low in energy acted as a bridge connecting the symptoms of PTSD, depression and anxiety.

The current findings provide insights into the interconnectedness within and between the symptoms of common mental disorders and highlight the key symptoms that can be potential targets for psychological interventions for RAS. Addressing these symptoms may aid in tailoring existing evidence-based interventions and enhance their effectiveness. This contributes to reducing the overall mental health burden and improving well-being in this population.

Dextromethorphan/bupropion (DXM/BUP) received Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for the treatment of adults with major depressive disorder (MDD) in August 2022. This combination is not known to have abuse liability and is not currently scheduled by the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). Notwithstanding, dextromethorphan is a drug of abuse. Herein, we sought to determine whether DXM/BUP has alcohol and/or substance misuse liability.

We evaluated spontaneous reports of terms such as “alcohol problem, alcoholism, alcohol abuse, substance dependence, substance use disorder (SUD), substance abuse, drug dependence, drug use disorder and drug abuse” in the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS). The FAERS is a spontaneous reporting database of adverse events submitted to the FDA.

We performed a comparative assessment of the alcohol and/or substance misuse liability of DXM/BUP since its market authorization in August 2022, using acetaminophen as the control. Dextromethorphan served as the upper-bound reference point. Our findings showed that, since August 2022, dextromethorphan had a significant reporting odds ratio (ROR) for “drug abuse.” In contrast, DXM/BUP did not have a significant ROR for any of the categories of alcohol and/or substance misuse evaluated. Limitations of our findings derive largely from the limitations of the FAERS and its data capture method.

The absence of alcohol or substance misuse reported to the FAERS with DXM/BUP accords with the lack of evidence of abuse liability prior to FDA approval and its non-scheduling by the DEA.

Medications are commonly used to treat co-occurring psychopathology in persons with borderline personality disorder (BPD)

To systematically review and integrate the evidence of medications for treatment of co-occurring psychopathology in people with BPD, and explore the role of comorbidities.

Building on the current Cochrane review of medications in BPD, an update literature search was done in March 2024. We followed the methods of this Cochrane review, but scrutinised all identified placebo-controlled trials post hoc for reporting of non BPD-specific (‘co-occurring’) psychopathology, and explored treatment effects in subgroups of samples with and without defined co-occurring disorders. GRADE ratings were done to assess the evidence certainty.

Twenty-two trials were available for quantitative analyses. For antipsychotics, we found very-low-certainty evidence (VLCE) of an effect on depressive symptoms (standardised mean difference (SMD) −0.22, P = 0.04), and low-certainty evidence (LCE) of an effect on psychotic–dissociative symptoms (SMD −0.28, P = 0.007). There was evidence of effects of anticonvulsants on depressive (SMD −0.44, P = 0.02; LCE) and anxious symptoms (SMD −1.11, P < 0.00001; VLCE). For antidepressants, no significant findings were observed (VLCE). Exploratory subgroup analyses indicated a greater effect of antipsychotics in samples including participants with co-occurring substance use disorders on psychotic–dissociative symptoms (P = 0.001).

Our findings, based on VLCE and LCE only, do not support the use of pharmacological interventions in people with BPD to target co-occurring psychopathology. Overall, the current evidence does not support differential treatment effects in persons with versus without defined comorbidities. Medications should be used cautiously to target co-occurring psychopathology.

Accumulating evidence suggests that early life trauma (ELT) initiates and perpetuates a cycle of depression, leading to challenges in management and achieving remission. This scoping review aimed to examine the intricate relationship between ELT and difficult-to-treat depression (DTD). An extensive literature search from 1 January 2013 to 21 October 2023 was conducted using the Cochrane Library, PubMed, Scopus, PsycINFO and OpenGrey.

Our review identified scientific literature illustrating the multifaceted link between ELT and DTD, highlighting the dual impact of ELT on therapeutic resistance and clinical complexity.

This complexity hampers management of patients with DTD, who are characterised by limited pharmacological responsiveness and heightened relapse risk. While exploring the ELT–DTD nexus, the review revealed a paucity of literature on the impact of ELT within DTD. Findings underscore the profound link between ELT and DTD, which is essential for comprehensive understanding and effective management. Tailoring treatments to address ELT could enhance therapeutic outcomes for patients with DTD. Future studies should use larger samples and well-defined diagnostic criteria and explore varied therapeutic approaches.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a leading cause of disability and premature mortality. This study compared the overall survival (OS) between patients with MDD and non-MDD controls stratified by gender, age, and comorbidities.

This nationwide population-based cohort study utilized longitudinal patient data (01/01/2010 – 12/31/2020) from the Hungarian National Health Insurance Fund database, which contains healthcare service data for the Hungarian population. Patients with MDD were selected and matched 1:1 to those without MDD using exact matching. The rates of conversion from MDD to bipolar disorder (BD) or schizophrenia were also investigated.

Overall, 471,773 patients were included in each of the matched MDD and non-MDD groups. Patients with MDD had significantly worse OS than non-MDD controls (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.50; 95% CI: 1.48−1.51; males HR = 1.69, 95% CI: 1.66–1.72; females HR = 1.40, 95% CI: 1.38–1.42). The estimated life expectancy of patients with MDD was 7.8 and 6.0 years less than that of controls aged 20 and 45 years, respectively. Adjusted analyses based on the presence of baseline comorbidities also showed that patients with MDD had worse survival than non-MDD controls (adjusted HR = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.28–1.31). After 11 years of follow-up, the cumulative conversions from MDD to BD and schizophrenia were 6.8 and 3.4%, respectively. Converted patients had significantly worse OS than non-converted patients.

Compared with the non-MDD controls, a higher mortality rate in patients with MDD, especially in those with comorbidities and/or who have converted to BD or schizophrenia, suggests that early detection and personalized treatment of MDD may reduce the mortality in patients diagnosed with MDD.

A nationwide register-based cohort study from Finland including 48 124 incident benzodiazepines and related drug (BZDR) users aged 18–65 years who initiated use in 2006 and were not dispensed BZDRs during 2004–2005. The follow-up was 5 years or until death, whichever occurred first.

To investigate sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with high-dose use of BZDRs (i.e. Z-drugs) among new BZDR users.

The temporal BZDR dose was calculated as a point estimate every 6 months after initiation as defined daily doses (DDDs) per day, based on the PRE2DUP method (an approach based on mathematical modelling of personal drug purchasing behaviours). Sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with dose categories were studied using multinomial logistic regression.

During the 5-year follow-up, very high-dose BZDR use was observed in 7.4% (n = 3557) and medium high-dose use in 25.5% (n = 12 266) of the users (corresponding to ≥30 mg and 10–29 mg in diazepam equivalents, respectively). Very high-dose use was more common among men compared with women (10.9% versus 4.6%). Very high-dose use patterns were especially observed in younger age groups (18- to 25-year-olds). Compared with oxazepam, initiating BZDR use with clonazepam (adjusted odds ratio 3.86, 95% CI 3.24–4.60), diazepam (2.05, 1.78–2.36) or alprazolam (1.76, 1.52–2.03) was associated with increased odds for very high-dose use. Both medium high-dose and very high-dose BZDR use were associated with a lower level of education. In all, 58% of very high-dose use occurred in BZDR users who received their first prescription from general practitioners.

Clinicians should be aware of the dose escalation risk especially when prescribing diazepam, alprazolam or clonazepam for psychiatric indications. If BZDRs are needed, our findings suggest favouring oxazepam.

Obesity-related cardiometabolic comorbidity is common in major depressive disorder (MDD). However, sex differences and MDD recurrence may modify the MDD-obesity-link.

Sex-specific associations of MDD recurrence (single [MDDS] or recurrent episodes [MDDR]) and obesity-related traits were analyzed in 4.100 adults (51.6% women) from a cross-sectional population-based cohort in Germany (SHIP-Trend-0). DSM-IV-based lifetime MDD diagnoses and MDD recurrence status were obtained through diagnostic interviews. Obesity-related outcomes included anthropometrics (weight, body mass index, waist- and hip-circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, waist-to-height ratio), bioelectrical impedance analysis of body fat mass and fat-free mass, and subcutaneous (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) from abdominal magnetic resonance imaging. Sex-stratified linear regression models predicting obesity-related traits from MDD recurrence status were adjusted for age, education, and current depressive symptoms.

790 participants (19.3%) fulfilled lifetime MDD criteria (23.8% women vs. 14.5% men, p<0.001). In women, MDDS was inversely associated with anthropometric indicators of general and central obesity, while MDDR was positively associated with all obesity-related traits, except waist-to-hip ratio and fat-free mass. In women, MDDR versus MDDS was associated with higher levels of obesity across all outcomes except fat-free mass. In men, MDD was positively associated with SAT regardless of MDD recurrence. Additionally, lifetime MDD was positively associated with VAT in men. Results remained significant in sensitivity analyses after exclusion of participants with current use of antidepressants.

The MDD-obesity association is modified by MDD recurrence and sex independent of current depressive symptoms. Accounting for sex and MDD recurrence may identify individuals with MDD at increased cardiometabolic risk.

Prominent clinical perspectives posit that the interface of autism and (borderline) personality disorder manifests as either a misdiagnosis of the former as the latter or a comorbidity of both. In this editorial, we integrate these disparate viewpoints by arguing that personality difficulties are inherent to the autistic spectrum.

It remains unknown whether severe mental disorders contribute to fatally harmful effects of physical illness.

To investigate the risk of all-cause death and loss of life-years following the onset of a wide range of physical health conditions in people with severe mental disorders compared with matched counterparts who had only these physical health conditions, and to assess whether these associations can be fully explained by this patient group having more clinically recorded physical illness.

Using Czech national in-patient register data, we identified individuals with 28 physical health conditions recorded between 1999 and 2017, separately for each condition. In these people, we identified individuals who had severe mental disorders recorded before the physical health condition and exactly matched them with up to five counterparts who had no recorded prior severe mental disorders. We estimated the risk of all-cause death and lost life-years following each of the physical health conditions in people with pre-existing severe mental disorders compared with matched counterparts without severe mental disorders.

People with severe mental disorders had an elevated risk of all-cause death following the onset of 7 out of 9 broadly defined and 14 out of 19 specific physical health conditions. People with severe mental disorders lost additional life-years following the onset of 8 out 9 broadly defined and 13 out of 19 specific physical health conditions. The vast majority of results remained robust after considering the potentially confounding role of somatic multimorbidity and other clinical and sociodemographic factors.

A wide range of physical illnesses are more likely to result in all-cause death in people with pre-existing severe mental disorders. This premature mortality cannot be fully explained by having more clinically recorded physical illness, suggesting that physical disorders are more likely to be fatally harmful in this patient group.

Better knowledge about childhood trauma as a risk factor for psychiatric disorders in young people could help strengthen the timeliness and effectiveness of prevention and treatment efforts.

To estimate the prevalence and risk of psychiatric disorders in young people following exposure to childhood trauma, including interpersonal violence.

This prospective cohort study followed 8199 adolescents (age range 12–20 years) over 13–15 years, into young adulthood (age range 25–35 years). Data about childhood trauma exposure from adolescents participating in the Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT, 2006–2008) were linked to data about subsequent development of psychiatric disorders from the Norwegian Patient Registry (2008–2021).

One in four (24.3%) adolescents were diagnosed with a psychiatric disorder by young adulthood. Regression analyses showed consistent and significant relationships between childhood exposure to both interpersonal violence and other potentially traumatic events, and subsequent psychiatric disorders and psychiatric comorbidity. The highest estimates were observed for childhood exposure to two or more types of interpersonal violence (polyvictimisation), and development of psychotic disorders (odds ratio 3.41, 95% CI 1.93–5.72), stress and adjustment disorders (odds ratio 4.20, 95% CI 3.05–5.71), personality disorders (odds ratio 3.98, 95% CI 2.70–5.76), alcohol-related disorders (odds ratio 3.28, 95% CI 2.06–5.04) and drug-related disorders (odds ratio 4.67, 95% CI 2.87–7.33).

These findings emphasise the importance of integrating knowledge about childhood trauma as a potent risk factor for psychopathology into the planning and implementation of services for children, adolescents and young adults.

Problematic drinking frequently co-occurs with depression among young adults, but often remains unaddressed in depression treatment. Evidence is insufficient on whether digital alcohol interventions can be effective in this young comorbid population. In a randomized controlled trial, we examined the effectiveness of Beating the Booze (BtB), an add-on digital alcohol intervention to complement depression treatment for young adults.

Participants were randomized to BtB + depression treatment as usual (BTB + TAU, n = 81) or TAU (n = 82). The primary outcome was treatment response, a combined measure for alcohol and depression after 6-month follow-up. Secondary outcomes were number of weekly drinks (Timeline Follow-back) and depressive symptoms (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale). Treatment response was analyzed using generalized linear modeling and secondary outcomes using robust linear mixed modeling.

Low treatment response was found due to lower than expected depression remission rates. No statistically significant between-group effect was found for treatment response after 6-month follow-up (odds ratio 2.86, p = 0.089, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.85–9.63). For our secondary outcomes, statistically significant larger reductions in weekly drinks were found in the intervention group after 3-month (B = −4.00, p = 0.009, 95% CI −6.97 to −1.02, d = 0.27) and 6-month follow-up (B = −3.20, p = 0.032, 95% CI −6.13 to −0.27, d = 0.23). We found no statistically significant between-group differences on depressive symptoms after 3-month (B = −0.57, p = 0.732, 95% CI −3.83 to 2.69) nor after 6-month follow-up (B = −0.44, p = 0.793, 95% CI −3.69 to 2.82).

The add-on digital alcohol intervention was effective in reducing alcohol use, but not in reducing depressive symptoms and treatment response among young adults with co-occurring depressive disorders and problematic alcohol use.

Pre-registered on October 29, 2019 in the Overview of Medical Research in the Netherlands (OMON), formerly the Dutch Trial Register(https://onderzoekmetmensen.nl/en/trial/49219).

Trichotillomania and skin picking disorder have been characterized as body-focused repetitive behavior (BFRB) disorders (i.e., repetitive self-grooming behaviors that involve biting, pulling, picking, or scraping one’s own hair, skin, lips, cheeks, or nails). Trichotillomania and skin picking disorder have also historically been classified, by some, as types of compulsive self-injury as they involve repetitive hair pulling and skin picking, respectively. The question of the relationship of these disorders to more conventional forms of self-injury such as cutting or self-burning remains incompletely investigated. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship of these two disorders with non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI).

Adults with trichotillomania (n = 93) and skin picking (n = 105) or both (n = 82) were recruited from the general population using advertisements and online support groups and completed an online survey. Participants completed self-report instruments to characterize clinical profiles and associated characteristics. In addition, each participant completed a mental health history questionnaire.

Of the 280 adults with BFRB disorders, 141 (50.1%) reported a history of self-injury independent of hair pulling and skin picking. Participants with a history of self-injury reported significantly worse pulling and picking symptoms (p < .001) and were significantly more likely to have co-occurring alcohol problems (p < .001), borderline personality disorder (p < .001), buying disorder (p < .001), gambling disorder (p < .001), compulsive sex behavior (p < 001), and binge eating disorder (p = .041).

NSSI appears common in trichotillomania and skin picking disorder and may be part of a larger constellation of behaviors associated with impulse control or reward-related dysfunction.

Gambling disorder affects 0.5–2.4% of the population and shows strong associations with lifetime alcohol use disorder. Very little is known regarding whether lifetime alcohol use disorder can impact the clinical presentation or outcome trajectory of gambling disorder.

Data were pooled from previous clinical trials conducted on people with gambling disorder, none of whom had current alcohol use disorder. Demographic and clinical variables were compared between those who did versus did not have lifetime alcohol use disorder.

Of the 621 participants in the clinical trials, 103 (16.6%) had a lifetime history of alcohol use disorder. History of alcohol use disorder was significantly associated with male gender (relative risk [RR] = 1.42), greater body weight (Cohen’s D = 0.27), family history of alcohol use disorder in first-degree relative(s) (RR = 1.46), occurrence of previous hospitalization due to psychiatric illness (RR = 2.68), and higher gambling-related legal problems (RR = 1.50). History of alcohol use disorder was not significantly associated with other variables that were examined, such as severity of gambling disorder or extent of functional disability. Lifetime alcohol use disorder was not significantly associated with the extent of clinical improvement in gambling disorder symptoms during the subsequent clinical trials.

These data highlight that lifetime alcohol use disorder is an important clinical variable to be considered when assessing gambling disorder because it is associated with several untoward features (especially gambling-related legal problems and prior psychiatric hospitalization). The study design enabled these associations to be disambiguated from current or recent alcohol use disorder.

Catatonia is a neuropsychiatric disorder characterised by psychomotor changes that can affect individuals across the lifespan. Although features of catatonia have been described in adults, the most common clinical symptoms among paediatric patients with catatonia are not well characterised.

The goal of this study was to characterise the symptoms of catatonia demonstrated by paediatric patients, and to explore demographic and diagnostic factors associated with greater catatonia severity.

We conducted a multicentre retrospective cohort study, from 1 January 2018 to 6 January 2023, of patients aged 18 and younger with a clinical diagnosis of catatonia and symptom assessment using the Bush Francis Catatonia Rating Scale (BFCRS).

A total of 143 patients met inclusion criteria. The median age was 15 (interquartile range: 13–16) years and 66 (46.2%) patients were female. Neurodevelopmental disabilities were present in 55 (38.5%) patients. Patients demonstrated a mean of 6.0 ± 2.1 signs of catatonia on the Bush Francis Catatonia Screening Item, with a mean BFCRS score of 15.0 ± 5.9. Among the 23 items of the BFCRS, six were present in >50% of patients (staring, mutism, immobility/stupor, withdrawal, posturing/catalepsy, rigidity), and four were present in <20% of cases (waxy flexibility, mitgehen, gegenhalten, grasp reflex). In an adjusted model, patients with neurodevelopmental disorders demonstrated greater BFCRS severity than those with other diagnoses.

Catatonia was diagnosed in a range of mental health conditions. Further research is needed to define optimal diagnostic criteria for catatonia in paediatric patients, and clarify the clinical course of the disorder.