This chapter provides a glimpse of the native experience in central Mexico since independence. Before independence, many legal and historical documents relating to central Mexico were still written in Nahuatl, and native litigants could present their cases in their own languages. Between independence and the present, most native peoples were culturally absorbed into a more Europeanized, Spanish-speaking nation. At the time of independence, many native people in both central and southern Mexico were members of former Indian republics or native pueblos, with their own land base and separate administrative structures. The social structure of native pueblos, throughout Mesoamerica, is usually depicted as a closed corporate community. Going back even before Mexican independence, the struggle of native peoples for land has been intrinsically related to legal battles in the courts, ideological debates, and armed rebellion. The logic of native political participation takes on a different form during times of relative political stability on the national level.