The Outlook chapter presents the achievements and challenges of what we can now call international counterterrorism law. Outside the context of armed conflict, sectoral treaties govern international terrorism involving a range of tactics and targets, notably hostage-taking, bombings, hijackings, and nuclear terrorism as well as attacks on foreign diplomats and, under a treaty approaching universality, the financing of international terrorism. But the distinction with terrorism in a situation of armed conflict in these treaties should have been drawn far more sharply. Under international humanitarian law, the definitions of terrorism in armed conflict are clear.

In the preceding chapters we have covered the core principles and methods of epidemiology and have shown you some of the main areas where epidemiological evidence is crucial for policy and planning. You will also have gained a sense of the breadth and depth of the subject from the examples throughout the book. To finish, we take a broader look at the role of epidemiological practice and logic in improving health. There is a growing desire for public health and medical research to be ‘translational’; that is, directly applicable to a population or patient. The process, whereby research evidence is used to change practice or policy, is known as ‘translation’, and the research outputs from epidemiology are critical at all stages (see Box 16.2); indeed, epidemiology has been described as ‘the epicenter of translational science’ (Hiatt, 2010).

This chapter aims to provide recommendations for how colleges can best support working college students of immigrant origin. It examines which challenges these students encounter when juggling full-time studies with working 20 or more hours a week during the academic year. Drawing on findings from qualitative, semi-structured interviews with twenty-four undergraduate students of immigrant origin in the northeastern United States, we show that these students face a confluence of challenges. The participants experienced academic, emotional, and social difficulties resulting from a time deficit and found the unpredictability of work hours and schedules challenging. They reported stress, anxiety, emotional depletion, sleep deprivation, exhaustion, and a lack of faculty support. We offer program and policy suggestions for higher education administrations and faculty to stem this confluence of challenges. These include gathering institutional data about the labor force engagement of their student population, vetting jobs on and near campus for their “student friendliness” (set time schedules and predictable, limited hours), and educating students about which jobs are student-friendly.

This chapter explores the legislative history of immigration and higher education, shedding light on the challenges faced by undocumented students in the US education system. Using findings from a qualitative study with undocumented students who left higher education, the chapter examines the barriers faced by students that affected their decisions to leave higher education, including financial need, imposter syndrome, and disclosure of identity. It also looks at the impact of interactions with peers, family pressure, and changing campus resources on student persistence. This chapter offers recommendations for support and retention of these students, including guidance during the transition from high school, advising, fostering a sense of community, and direct support services.

The prime ministers all play chess on a multi-dimensional board, prey to challenges that vary in type and intensity over time, some of which are new and growing, and others constant. The most skilful negotiate their way through these constraints, turning them to their advantage, and refuse to be defined by adversities. The least able are swallowed up by them. We first consider institutional restraints, the checks and balances they face, some dating back to 1721, before considering variable constraints, which have made and destroyed premierships, and have rendered even the best-qualified incumbent a cornered animal.

This chapter problematises the notion of resilience as continuation with adaptability, suggesting that it requires specifying in advance the essential attributes of a global governance body, which would have to remain largely intact for adaptation to changing circumstance to count as resilience. The chapter therefore identifies those essential attributes for the International Electro-technical Commission (IEC). The chapter then theorises resilience of a private rule-making body as a function of its capacity and capability for autonomous agency in pursuit of its organizational self-interest, the embeddedness of the rule-making body among its stakeholders, and its leadership’s ambition to ensure the organisation’s survival. It shows that these characteristics helped the IEC to achieve resilience in the face of numerous and diverse challenges from technological changes, the emergence of competing SDOs and geopolitical changes accompanied by power transitions in the world economy, including the rise of China. The unresolved challenges of meaningful consumer participation and better gender balance in international standardization suggests, however, that past resilience is only partially predictive of future resilience.

This concluding chapter recaps briefly on the key arguments presented in the book. It notes that Southern expert teachers are able to effectively facilitate learning regardless of the challenges of context that they face precisely because their expertise evolved in equilibrium with these challenges. Such challenges should, nonetheless, not be seen as acceptable in any context. The chapter argues that expert teacher studies deserve a more prominent place in international discussion on ‘what works’ in education in developing countries; their high ecological validity and potential for contingent generalisation mean that they can be of enormous use in developing models of appropriate pedagogy for both individual contexts and wider generalisation across the global South. The need for further expertise studies in Southern contexts is also underlined to help ‘flesh out’ the differentiated expert teacher framework proposed in Chapter 10, and it is argued that until we understand the practices of expert teachers in diverse contexts we cannot claim to truly understand teacher expertise itself.

The conclusion higlights continuing challenges for the EU and the rest of the world and how the future humanity faces is uncertain. Yet an optimistic message is also presented. Noting that shareholder primacy is increasingly coming under question and a growing interest in the concepts of corporate purpose and sustainable value creation, the conclusion draws upon the suggestions made among the chapters throughout the book to highlight the potential for corporations to be a force for good if supported by more effective legal and regulatory reforms and operating with more innovative structures and technologies. More stable, resilient and democratic institutional structures are necessary too as is the inclusion of active political and entrepreneurial women. Also fundamental to change is setting sustainable value creation within planetary boundaries as an overarching purpose for business, with mandatory rules to ensure that sustainability is integrated into the governance of business across global value chains. In a policy coherence for sustainability perspective, the book concludes by positioning the research-based reform proposals for business and finance within broader European Union laws and policies, underlining the necessity of reform also of other related areas, including circular economy policies, competition and state aid law and public procurement.

This overview first discusses some traditional thoughts on public finance, particularly the thought of implicit taxation, which have had a profound influence on the behavior of the Chinese government historically and currently. It then describes public finance under the centrally planned economic system, followed by an examination of market-oriented public finance reforms before exploring the challenges to China’s public finance. Finally it explains the contributions of this book. By the end of 1956, China completed the “socialist economic reforms,” turning all large- and medium-sized private enterprises into SOEs and small private enterprises into collectively-owned-enterprises. In 1958, the government took back the land previously allocated to farmers and established the people’s communes.Another economic reform started in 1978, allowing private enterprises to develop and allowing farmers to grow whatever they like on the land allocated to them. A modern tax system and a social insurance system were established and local governments have been given some fiscal freedom. However, there are still problems with public finance.

Chapter 7 discusses China’s infrastructure development.It analyzes the ways in which infrastructure investment has been financed, including revenues from land sales, bank loans, infrastructure development funds, domestic and foreign debt, taxes, fees, and user charges. It shows the composition of funds for financing key infrastructures including transportation, telecommunication, energy, and sanitation. It demonstrates that China's infrastructures have grown rapidly in the past twenty-five years. It examines the reasons for the fast infrastructure development in China and the problems with infrastructure development, including a solid tax system, a pro-infrastructure spending system, expansionary fiscal policies, and large local government revenues from land sales and bank borrowings. It also evaluates China’s belt and road initiative and discusses the L17benefits and potential risks to the countries involved.