A time series contains the values of a dataset sampled at different points in time. Some examples in financial research include asset prices, volatility indices, inflation rates, revenues, and so on. This chapter briefly covers the basic methods used in time-series analysis. Issues include whether the time-series data have equally spaced intervals, whether there is noise or error, how quickly the series grows, and whether the series has missing values. The chapter begins by testing for autocorrelation and remedies for autocorrelation. It then presents some standard tests for stationarity and cointegration, briefly covering random walks and the unit-root test. The models covered, among others, include autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL), autoregressive moving average (ARMA), autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA), generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH), and vector autoregressive (VAR) models. The chapter provides an application to mortgage rates and ends with lab work and a mini case study.

In regressions where the dependent variable takes limited values such as 0 and 1, or takes some category values, using the OLS estimation method will likely provide biased and inconsistent results. Because the dependent variable is either discontinuous or its range is bounded, one of the assumptions of the CLRM is violated (that the standard error is normally distributed conditional on the independent variables). This chapter focuses on limited dependent-variable models, for example, covering firm decision-making, capital structure decisions, investor decision-making, and so on. The chapter presents and discusses the linear probability model, maximum-likelihood estimator, probit model, logit model, ordered probit and logit models, multinomial logit model, conditional logit model, tobit model, Heckman selection model, and count data models. It covers the assumptions behind and applications of these models. As usual, the chapter provides an application of selected limited dependent-variable models, lab work, and a mini case study.

Corporate finance research requires close consideration of the assumptions underlying the econometric models applied to test hypotheses. This is partly because, as the field has evolved, more complex relationships have been examined, some of which pose problems of endogeneity. Endogeneity is one problem that violates the assumptions of the CLRM. It is so central that this book devotes a whole chapter to discussing it. The chapter covers the sources of endogeneity bias and the most commonly used methods that can be applied to cross-sectional data to deal with the endogeneity problem in corporate finance. These methods cover two-stage least squares (so-called IV approach), treatment effects, matching techniques, and regression discontinuity design (RDD). An application is provided for an IV approach and an RDD approach. The chapter ends with an application of the most common methods to real data, lab work, and a mini case study.

Becoming a subject to oneself is a challenge. To make the task somewhat more meaningful, I have presented a narrative that builds on experiences that are likely to resonate with other scholars from the Global South. In the academic journey from separation to synthesis, I have had the good fortune of collaborating with scientists from young students to renowned scholars, to whom I owe immense gratitude. I chose to modify the given metaphor of a pillar to better suit my orientation both to my inner self and to the outside world.

Becoming a subject to oneself is a challenge. To make the task somewhat more meaningful, I have presented a narrative that builds on experiences that are likely to resonate with other scholars from the Global South. In the academic journey from separation to synthesis, I have had the good fortune of collaborating with scholars from young students to renowned scholars, to whom I owe immense gratitude. I chose to modify the given metaphor of a pillar to better suit my orientation both to my inner self and to the outside world.

My early intellectual development was nurtured by liberal-minded English parents, a French lycée and a Western “classics” curriculum to approach communication through literature and history. But my university introduction to psychology was framed as experimental science. Personal relationships and political awakening in early adulthood prompted me to migrate to a newly decolonized African nation, where all my children were raised. My early publications focused on explaining the performance of African children on Western measures of cognition in terms of measurement bias. In the 1970s my personal agenda of integration into Zambian society motivated closer attention to ways in which sociocultural context influences plurilingual discourse and conceptualization of intelligence. As a sojourner in the USA in the 1990s, I collaborated with American colleagues in a multi-method study of early literacy development in an ethnically diverse city. We theorized that the intimate culture of a child’s family filters wider cultural influences on individual development. Application of science to policy for support of children’s development needs to engage with their families’ ethnotheories.

The final chapter draws some conclusions about the nature and status of stylistics as a subdiscipline of linguistics and the many and varied ways in which stylistics can impact on human society and life. The chapter ends with a ‘manifesto’ which makes the case for stylistics developing a clear identity which will allow its connection with other disciplines to be a mutually enriching relationship. The authors hope that both established scholars and those new to the field will find the chapter useful in reflecting on their own practice.

Equivalent derivations of time-dependent pertubation theory; Fermi golden rule; the Born approximation for scattering from Fermi golden rule; survival probability of a state in a time-independent perturbation; positronium in static and oscillating magnetic fields; hydrogen atom in a time-dependent electric field; a model for inelastic scattering of a projectile with a target; semiclassical treatment of the electromagnetic field; ionization of the hydrogen atom by an electromagnetic wave; cross sections for stimulated absorption and emission in hydrogen; spontaneous emission and selection rules with an application to the 2p to 1s transition in hydrogen; theory of the line width; formal scattering theory; S- and T-operators.

The population balance is introduced as an approach for modelling problems involving a population of particles with a distribution of one or more properties. Numerous applications are identified. The general methodology of applying the population balance in four basic steps is introduced. Basic concepts such as distributions, choice of distributed variables, kinetic and transport processes and the coupling of the population balance with fluid dynamics, are also introduced.

Chapter 9 involves shock–boundary-layer interactions that are intrinsic to supersonic engine intakes, transonic gas turbine blade tip gaps and blade passages, scramjet isolator ducts, transonic and supersonic flight vehicle surfaces, and surfaces of rockets, missiles, and reentry vehicles. It is of particular interest because it can result in large temporal and spatial pressure variations, and greatly affect boundary development including causing flow separation that feeds into the flow unsteadiness, and subsequently has a large impact on aerodynamic performance. The outcome of shock–boundary-layer interactions strongly depends on steady and unsteady initial conditions that can be factored into flow control approaches. Methods for these are presented.

Chapter 5 focuses on free shear layers and jets that involve the merging of two flow streams. Away from a boundary, the mean flow that results is inviscidly unstable and rapidly leads to the formation of coherent vortical structures that drive strong fluid mixing. In jets, it can result in large acoustic levels. Free shear layers are also highly sensitive to sound excitation that can lead to resonant growth of the instability, or a means of control. With this understanding, both passive and active methods of free shear layer control are presented.

Chapter 3 focuses on the control of bluff-body wakes, where a bluff body is generally categorized as one whose length in the flow direction is approximately the same as its height. Such shapes exhibit a wide wake on the scale of the body height, with aerodynamic drag that is dominated by a low-pressure region that forms in the near wake of the body. Bluff body wakes are complex and highly unsteady, involving boundary layer flow separation and multiple shear layer interactions. The control of bluff body aerodynamics has practical implications to airfoils at high angles of attack, aircraft landing gear, ground vehicles, and buildings and structures. Methods of control that key on the wake instabilities are presented.

Chapter 4 focuses on separated flows that occur in a variety of applications involving external flows, particularly related to aircraft, and internal flows, such as within turbomachines. Flow separation results when the flow does not have sufficient momentum to overcome an adverse pressure gradient, or when viscous dissipation occurs along the flow path. It is almost always associated with some form of aerodynamic penalty, including a loss of lift, an increase in drag, a loss of pressure recovery, and an increase in entropy. This chapter presents both passive and active methods to control these adverse effects.

Chapter 10 considers a broad approach in which the application geometry that dictates the flow field is designed from the beginning, to enhance flow control. Examples include airfoil lift control without moving surfaces. This chapter presents a number of approaches. These range from a simple modification of a geometry to rigorous approaches that utilize an adjoint formulation of the Navier–Stokes equations that identifies sensitivity to changes in geometry and seeks those that maximize flow control authority.

Chapter 8 focuses on turbulent boundary layers. This considers a proposed autonomous cycle for turbulence production that results from an instability of a distorted mean flow near the wall surface that is produced by a spanwise array of coherent longitudinal vortices whose spacing scales with the viscous shear stress. The instability results in a lift-up and break-up of the longitudinal vortices that are linked to increased turbulence production and increased viscous drag. This and other mechanisms of turbulence production and viscous drag generation are presented. Methods of flow control that key on these specific mechanisms are presented along with significant results.

Chapter 19 explores how different technological resources may help or hinder language learning efforts. Technology is discussed in its capacity to support learners, to create new real-life communicative tasks, and to assist teachers as an additional resource. The chapter includes several ways in which technology can be used to maximize learner motivation and engagement in classes of varying ages and proficiency levels.

The two great Victorian Platonists – George Grote and Benjamin Jowett – are often perceived as championing diametrically opposed perspectives on Plato: utilitarian vs. idealist. This chapter argues that no less important is what they had in common: an ‘atomist’ hermeneutics, in fierce reaction against attempts to make a system out of the dialogues; and a combination of scrupulous attention to the texts as historical documents with insistence that giving Plato his place in the history of philosophy and ‘in the scale of human improvement’ was no less the historian’s obligation. Finally, both men were active in the public sphere, looking for similar ‘modern applications’ of what was best in Plato’s political thought, particularly in the sphere of education.