Chapter 8 provides a detailed account of practical steps and advice for doing CODA. While avoiding reintroducing well-known methods of discourse analysis , it highlights important principles and shares practice–based insights that have accumulated over many years of doing CODA. Starting with considerations as to the purpose of individual CODA studies, it discusses relevant procedures step by step, including experimental design aspects, data collection, transcription and data preparation, and practical steps of data analysis such as segmentation, content analysis, tool support, and operationalisation of analysis categories. The final sections of this chapter consider issues pertaining to qualitative and quantitative analysis methods. The practical guidance using only simple and highly accessible tools provided in this chapter will be well received particularly by graduate students (or early-career researchers) with little access to complex technologies or hands–on practical support in their own universities. More experienced researchers will understand the principles quickly and be able to adapt them for their own purposes, using whichever technology they may have access to.

Chapter 4 is the first of four chapters that each explore conceptual aspects that are of potential interest to researchers when using language to access cognition, across a broad range of subject areas. These conceptual aspects can therefore be regarded as prominent analysis perspectives. This chapter starts by discussing two central phenomena related to cognitive orientation: attention and perspective. Both of these are systematically reflected in language use, albeit in different ways: attention underlies our choice of what we say, whereas perspective addresses how we say it. What we say will reflect what we attend to; aspects that we barely think about will rarely be reflected in our descriptions. As we formulate what we’re attending to, we can use our own point of view or adopt a different one, such as our interaction partner’s standpoint. While we don𣀙t often say explicitly which perspective we’re using, our language will reflect the underlying viewpoint in systematic ways.