This chapter covers the reparation of harm suffered due to human rights violations. It examines the definition of compensable losses, the content of compensation, and the international legal protection of compensation awarded to victims. The chapter discusses the standards for determining and quantifying harm, the mechanisms for providing compensation, and the challenges in ensuring effective reparation. It also highlights the role of international bodies in monitoring and enforcing compensation awards, the importance of ensuring timely and adequate compensation, and the need for comprehensive measures to address the long-term impact of human rights violations on victims.

This part explores the institutional and procedural mechanisms for the international protection of human rights. It examines the various organizations, bodies, and mechanisms that play a role in monitoring, promoting, and enforcing human rights standards. The sections cover the universal human rights system established by the United Nations, including the roles and functions of the General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council, International Court of Justice, and specialized human rights bodies such as the Human Rights Council and treaty-based bodies. It also examines regional human rights systems in Europe, the Americas, Africa, Asia-Pacific, and the Arab-Muslim world, highlighting the specific institutions and mechanisms established by these regions to protect human rights. Additionally, this part delves into international human rights litigation, exploring the diversity of international complaints mechanisms, the conditions of admissibility, examination procedures, and enforcement of decisions. By providing a comprehensive overview of the institutional architecture and procedural mechanisms, this part illustrates the complexity and diversity of the international human rights protection system and the importance of coordinated efforts among different actors to address human rights violations effectively.