Aminopyralid efficacy on Canada thistle and changes in species composition in both Canada thistle–infested and native plant communities were evaluated in Theodore Roosevelt National Park, ND. Aminopyralid at 120 g ae/ha was applied in September 2004 to one-half of 30 native or 30 Canada thistle–infested sites. Canada thistle density 10 mo after treatment (MAT) averaged 2 stems/m2 compared to 31 stems/m2 in the control and 22 MAT averaged 16 stems/m2 compared to 42 stems/m2. Although Canada thistle was reduced in treated sites, species richness was similar to the untreated control. Species evenness increased in treated subplots compared to the control as foliar cover of low- and high-seral forbs and high-seral monocot species increased. Species richness was reduced in native plant communities treated with aminopyralid from approximately 12 to 9 species but evenness was not affected. Plant species diversity was similar in Canada thistle–infested treated and nontreated subplots but was reduced by aminopyralid in native subplots. Despite the decrease in Canada thistle and increased foliar cover of native perennial plants, composition and structure 22 MAT in the Canada thistle–infested plant community did not resemble native plant communities. Native plant communities were composed of many perennial monocots and high-seral forbs, which had increased but were in lower relative abundance in the treated Canada thistle–infested subplots.

Aminopyralid is the most commonly used herbicide for the control of yellow starthistle and other invasive thistles in annual grasslands of California. Although the effects of aminopyralid on native plant communities over a 2-yr period have been evaluated in prairies dominated by perennial species in the northern central states, similar evaluations have not been conducted in grassland communities of California, which are generally composed of a high diversity of native and nonnative annual species. In this study we monitored the effects of 53 and 123 g ae aminopyralid ha−1 on individual species cover and species richness over three growing seasons in two locations on California annual grassland. Treated plots were compared to untreated plots in randomized complete-block designs. Results were largely consistent between the two trials. In the first season after treatment, both rates of aminopyralid reduced dicot cover significantly, particularly members of the Asteraceae and Fabaceae. Treated plots also showed reduced species richness. However, these differences were less pronounced in the second season after treatment, particularly at the low rate. By the third season after treatment in both sites, there were no longer any significant effects on cover or species richness at the low herbicide rate. On California annual grasslands, winter applications of low rates of aminopyralid have been shown to give excellent control of yellow starthistle, providing long-term benefits to grassland ecosystems. Results of the current study suggest that negative impacts of aminopyralid on the desirable native forb community are transitory.