Surgery is currently the only curative treatment for medullary thyroid cancer. Unfortunately, the surgical strategy that will offer patients at each disease stage the best chance of a biochemical cure remains unclear. The American Thyroid Association and British Thyroid Association guidelines offer different strategies.

A retrospective analysis of the surgical management of 47 patients with medullary thyroid cancer diagnosed between 1994 and 2013 was performed. Surgical management was compared with current American Thyroid Association and British Thyroid Association guidelines. Outcome was defined as the first post-operative calcitonin measurement.

All patients with stage I–III disease achieved a post-operative biochemical cure regardless of the guidelines followed. The overall biochemical cure rate for patients with stage IVa disease was significantly reduced to 10 per cent (p < 0.01), but the biochemical cure rate for stage IVa disease patients who underwent bilateral lateral lymph node dissection was 33.3 per cent.

The conservative, surveillance-driven approach recommended by the American Thyroid Association is appropriate for stage I–III disease. However, the more aggressive approach advocated by the British Thyroid Association might provide stage IVa disease patients a greater chance of achieving a biochemical cure.