This chapter focuses on women’s preferences in mate selection, which have evolved as a suite of adaptations designed to solve women’s problems associated with reproduction. We first summarize basic differences in women’s reproductive rate and metabolic costs associated with reproduction that have shaped women’s mating preferences. We then summarize women’s short-term-mating preferences, designed primarily to identify mates who possess “good genes” cues that would ensure healthy offspring, followed by a summary of women’s long-term mating preferences, designed primarily to identify mates capable and interested in investing in women and offspring. We discuss how women’s ovulatory cycle, in which conception risk varies across their monthly cycle, modulates women’s mating preferences, particularly short-term mating preferences. This is followed by a summary of how environmental factors, such as the presence of resources or threatening conspecifics, modulate women’s mating preferences, indicating the context-sensitivity of women’s preferences. Finally, we discuss how individual differences in women’s personality traits further modulate short-term and long-term mating preferences.

Researchers have spent decades investigating factors in attraction; biological variables, cultural norms, and social pressures have all had their time in the spotlight. Humans are complicated animals and each of these realms have shown measurable effects. However, evolutionary approaches provide a unifying theory that subsumes and explains each of these factors and how they interact to create intricate yet predictable patterns in human mating behavior. In this chapter, we give a brief summary of major factors influencing attractiveness as perceived by men, including biological factors such as age and ovulatory status but also social factors such as exposure to highly attractive, or simply novel, women. Understanding how attractiveness can vary over time and within relationships can be useful, not only to research but also in applied clinical fields such as couples’ and marital therapy.