Navigation is an important skill required for an autonomous robot, as information about the location of the robot is necessary for making decisions about upcoming events. The objective of the localization technique is “to know about the location of the collected data.” In previous works, several deep learning methods were used to detect localization, but none of them gives sufficient accuracy. To address this issue, an Enhanced Capsule Generation Adversarial Network and optimized Dual Interactive Wasserstein Generative Adversarial Network for landmark detection and localization of autonomous robots in outdoor environments (ECGAN-DIWGAN-RSO-LAR) is proposed in this manuscript. Here, the outdoor robot localization dataset is taken from the Virtual KITTI dataset. It contains two phases, which are landmark detection and localization. The landmark detection phase is determined using Enhanced Capsule Generation Adversarial Network for detecting the landmark of the captured image. Then the robot localization phase is determined using Dual Interactive Wasserstein Generative Adversarial Network (DIWGAN) for determining the robot location coordinates as well as compass orientation from identified landmarks. After that, the weight parameters of the DIWGAN are optimized by Rat Swarm Optimization (RSO) algorithm. The proposed ECGAN-DIWGAN-RSO-LAR is implemented in Python. The efficiency of the proposed ECGAN-DIWGAN-RSO-LAR technique shows higher accuracy of 22.67%, 12.45 %, and 8.89% compared to the existing methods.

A multi-region scene matching-based localisation system for automated navigation of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) is proposed. This system may serve as a backup navigation error correction system to support autonomous navigation in the absence of a global positioning system such as a Global Navigation Satellite System. Conceptually, the system computes the location of the UAV by comparing the sensed images taken by an on board optical camera with a library of pre-recorded geo-referenced images. Several challenging issues in building such a system are addressed, including the colour variability problem and elimination of time-varying details from the pairs of images. The overall algorithm is an iterative process involving four sub-processes: firstly, exact histogram matching is applied to sensed images to overcome the colour variability issues; secondly, regions are automatically extracted from the sensed image where landmarks are detected via their colour histograms; thirdly, these regions are matched against the library, while eliminating inconsistent regions between underlying image pairs in the registration process; and finally the location of the UAV is computed using an optimisation procedure which minimises the localisation error using affine transformations. Experimental results demonstrate the proposed system in terms of accuracy, robustness and computational efficiency.

This paper describes a landmark detection and localization using an integrated laser-camera sensor. Laser range finder can be used to detect landmarks that are direction invariant in the laser data such as protruding edges in walls, edges of tables, and chairs. When such features are unavailable, the dependant processes will fail to function. However, in many instances, larger number of landmarks can be detected using computer vision. In the proposed method, camera is used to detect landmarks while the location of the landmark is measured by the laser range finder using laser-camera calibration information. Thus, the proposed method exploits the beneficial aspects of each sensor to overcome the disadvantages of the other sensor. While highlighting the drawbacks and limitations of single sensor based methods, an experimental results and important statistics are provided for the verification of the affectiveness sensor fusion method using Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) based simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) as an example application.