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Presents snowmelt, discussing energy flux, physical propertirs of snow, metamorphism of snowpack, rate of snowmelt, energy exchange mechanisms, turbulent convection, snowmwlt runoff generation, and snow-covered areas.
In the chapters so far, we have studied a number of exact methods of calculation for Ising models. These studies culminated in the exact solution for an infinite one-dimensional Ising model, as well as the corresponding solution on a 2 × ∞ lattice. Neither of these systems shows a phase transition, however. In this chapter, we start with Onsager’s exact solution for the two-dimensional lattice, which quite famously does have a phase transition. Next, we explore exact series expansions from low and high temperature, and show how these results can be combined, via the concept of duality, to give the exact location of the phase transition in two dimensions.
The definition of a thermodynamic system includes the characterisation of its enclosure. The system can be closed or open, adiabatic or diathermal, rigid or mobile. State variables may be extensive or intensive. State functions are functions of the state variables only. A system may be divided into subsystems separated by walls that can be impermeable or permeable, adiabatic or diathermal, fixed or mobile. The state of a system may be changed by mechanical processes or thermal processes, resulting in a thermal transfer, mass transfer or work. The first law is expressed in terms of the total energy that includes the kinetic energy, so that thermomechanical systems can be analysed, creating a conceptual link between classical mechanics and thermodynamics. By examining a damped harmonic oscillator in the framework of thermodynamics, the need for a non-mechanical state variable is revealed.
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