In the hilly areas of the western Deccan, around Puna, the Maratha leader Shivaji Bhonsla was carving out a self-sufficient state within the enfeebled shell of the Sultanate of Bijapur. The Bhonsla regime offered a new option for ambitious and aggressive men from both the Maratha warrior caste and literate Maratha Brahmin castes. Shivaji's successes shaped a new mode of aggressive political and military action against the Indo-Muslim powers. His insurgent state gained resources and confidence as it challenged imperial might. By the early 1660s the Maratha had adopted a new style of wide-ranging predatory raiding into Mughal and Bijapur lands. With the fall of the two Deccan Sultanates, Aurangzeb then turned his attention to the Marathas. Aurangzeb sent Muqarrab Khan immediately to capture both Shambhaji and his Brahmin chief minister who were hacked to death. Four new provinces were added to Mughal empire: Bijapur and the Bijapur Karnatak, and Hyderabad and the Hyderabad Karnatak.