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3 results

  • Part VI - Sciences

  • Ibn Khaldun
  • Edited by Gabriel Martinez-Gros, Paris Nanterre University
  • Translated by Anna Bailey Galietti
  • Book:
    Ibn Khaldūn: Political Thought
    Published online:
    14 January 2025
    Print publication:
    23 January 2025, pp 173-173

  • Summary

    Four texts drawn from Ibn Khaldûn’s History, especially the last volumes on the Maghreb and the Rihla gharbân wa-sharqân. The theory confronts the historical realities and their apparent resistance to universal schemes. In the last text, Ibn Khaldûn sums up the history of Islam as a passage of the Bedouin political force from the Arabs to the Turks, from the South to the North.

  • 16 - Muslim Spain and Portugal: Al-Andalus and its Neighbours

  • Edited by David Luscombe, University of Sheffield, Jonathan Riley-Smith, University of Cambridge
  • Book:
    The New Cambridge Medieval History
    Published online:
    28 March 2008
    Print publication:
    14 October 2004, pp 599-622

  • Summary

    The frontiers of al-Andalus were free from major outside threats: to the north the Christian kingdoms and counties had been repeatedly raided and their armed forces worsted in battle, culminating in the humiliating sack of Santiago de Compostela in 999. The removal of the Fatimids from Tunisia to Egypt in 969 meant that there was no threat to al-Andalus from the Muslim east. With the collapse of the caliphate, al-Andalus broke up into a number of different states, each with its own court and capital. By 1083, the Almoravids had reached the Straits of Gibraltar and were in undisputed control of Morocco. By 1148, only Granada and the Balearic islands remained under Almoravid control: Granada fell to the Almohads in 1155, but the Balearic islands remained in the hands of the Almoravid Banu Ghaniya and the base for repeated raids on Almohad North Africa.

  • (c) - The Nasrid kingdom of Granada

  • from 19 - Islam and the Mediterranean
  • David Abulafia, University of Cambridge
  • Book:
    The New Cambridge Medieval History
    Published online:
    28 March 2008
    Print publication:
    21 October 1999, pp 636-643

  • Summary

    No account of Islam in the west, nor indeed of the history of thirteenth-century Europe, would be complete that did not take into account the origins of the one Islamic state in Spain to survive throughout the fourteenth and nearly all the fifteenth century, the Nasrid kingdom of Granada. The origins of the Nasrid kingdom of Granada lay in the struggles within southern Spain from 1228 onwards, between factions flying the black banner of the Abbasid caliphs, and the Almohad caliph al-Mamun, who was based in Seville and Granada. Rachel Arie has pointed out that a whole area of the city was laid out to receive the swarm of Muslim refugees moving into Granada. One factor in the survival of Nasrid Granada was the survival of Muhammad I himself. The Majorcan kings had treaties with Granada by the early fourteenth century, and there were Catalan and Italian commercial stations at Almeria and Malaga.