DOHaD research in economics finds inequitable health and labour market outcomes but lacks insight into structural factors that contribute to disparities. In practice, social relations like racism, sexism, and ableism can translate into inequitable ‘returns to investment’ in ‘human capital’. DOHaD literature in economics could contribute more to understanding the determinants of health. It is limited by a narrow focus on molecular factors and the decontextualised use of demographic variables, which should be interpreted as proxies for hierarchical power relations. Excluding systems of oppression from analyses renders inequity-generating social structures less visible instead of clarifying their unjust consequences. Egalitarian economic approaches can address the failure to adequately integrate social structures with historically grounded, socially informed analyses. This chapter demonstrates how by tracing the devaluation of reproductive labour in economic thought to the reduction of women and girls to their reproductive roles in the DOHaD literature. The marginalisation of women’s labour and of women’s economic research contributes to the dehumanising instrumentalisation of women in orthodox economic research in DOHaD. The analysis reveals risks for women and girls, linking DOHaD literature to debates about ’foetal personhood’, women’s autonomy, and gender inequity.

Most books on the psychology of women are based on a Western perspective. International students and scholars question the validity and relevance of the theories and practices that focus on a restricted population of women and ignore the diverse experience among women within and across countries based on the intersection of sex, gender, sexuality, and social locations. How can we have a universal psychology of women that routinely ignores most of the women in the world? To answer this question, we assembled teams of writers from different regions of the world or familiar with different cultures. We realized that some regions of the world may not have enough quality psychological research to be represented, but we strived to get as broad a coverage as possible. The result is a coherent picture of women’s lives in places that have been underrepresented in the mainstream literature. Gender disparity and inequity prevail in all cultures with common mechanisms. A gender-sensitive and culturally relevant psychology can identify strategies and programs to accelerate global progress toward the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal #5 on gender equality. Where relevant research is available, culture-specific aspects of the topic are featured to highlight the gender issues of concern to particular regions or cultural groups. We believe that the diversity in the range of perspectives included in the chapters through the lenses of authors originating from different cultures will enrich the learning experience of readers.