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1 results

  • 11 - Experimenter Effects

  • from Part II - The Building Blocks of a Study
  • Edited by Austin Lee Nichols, Central European University, Vienna, John Edlund, Rochester Institute of Technology, New York
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Research Methods and Statistics for the Social and Behavioral Sciences
    Published online:
    25 May 2023
    Print publication:
    08 June 2023, pp 224-243

  • Summary

    As social and behavioral scientists, it is of fundamental importance to understand the factors that drive the behaviors that we measure. Careful design is thus required to minimize the influence of extraneous factors. Yet, we often overlook one major class of such extraneous factors – those related to us, the experimenters. Experimenter effects can potentially arise at every step in the research process – from the selection of hypotheses, to interacting with research participants in ways that might alter their behavior, to biases in data interpretation. While such experimenter-driven effects often occur without notice, and without ill intent, they nonetheless threaten the replicability and generalizability of research. In this chapter, we discuss when and how such effects arise, preventative measures that can be taken to reduce their influence, and methods for accounting for such effects, when appropriate.