• Psychoactive drug use can cause physical, psychological and social harm.

• Drug-related harm depends on factors related to the drug and factors related to the person taking the drug.

• Drug-related factors include the type of drug, how it is used, the amount taken and the length of use.

• Person-related factors include genetic make-up as well as mental, physical and social health.

• Drug use can be broadly classified as recreational use, harmful use or dependence.

• For some people, the risk of drug dependence results from faulty brain functioning.

• Understanding patterns of harm helps clinicians decide if treatment is needed and, if so, which treatment is most likely to help.

• Some behaviour, such as gambling, can cause brain changes similar to those seen in drug dependence.

Chapter 5 begins to trace the process by which the entire Whig vision of civil society and the free state was discredited and rejected. First the Whig view of civil society was challenged and ridiculed. They had attempted to claim that no one is condemned to live in subjection to the mere will and power of anyone else. But in addition to ignoring the continued existence of slavery, this assurance was shown to overlook the overwhelming extent to which women were still obliged to live in servitude. This point was made in a wave of protests by Judith Drake, Mary Astell, Sarah Chapone and other pioneering feminist writers. The account given by the Whigs of the administration of justice was likewise dismissed with ridicule. Here the three great novelists of the 1740s -- Fielding, Smollett and Richardson -- made an important contribution that has arguably been too little recognised. The chapter concludes by examining their satirical commentaries on Whig complacencies, in which they focused on the corruption and ignorance of Justices of the Peace, the widespread contempt for the law, and the incapacity of the government to secure the safety of the people.

This chapter introduces more formal concepts like stationarity and mixing, and explains why they are needed. We also define the autocorrelation function and describe its properties and how it is estimated from sample data. We discuss the properties of the estimator of the mean and autocorrelation, and how they can be used to conduct statistical inference.

In this chapter contextual probabilistic entanglement is represented withinthe Hilbert space formalism. The notion of entanglement is clarified anddemystified through decoupling it from the tensor product structure andtreating it as a constraint posed by probabilistic dependence of quantum observablesA and B. In this framework, it is meaningless to speak aboutentanglement without pointing to the fixed observables A and B, so thisis AB-entanglement. Dependence of quantum observables is formalized asnon-coincidence of conditional probabilities. Starting with this probabilisticdefinition, we achieve the Hilbert space characterization of the AB-entangledstates as amplitude non-factorisable states. In the tensor productcase, AB-entanglement implies standard entanglement, but not vice versa.AB-entanglement for dichotomous observables is equivalent to their correlation. Finally, observables entanglement is compared with dependence of random variables in classical probability theory.

Chapter 4 presents the paradox of republican emancipation, a paradox based on the ambivalence of republican freedom at the time of the revolution. On the one hand, republican freedom is the status of those who are already masters of themselves. Freedom is independence and it is this independence that makes them capable of governing with competence and virtue. On the other, freedom is the newly claimed right of everyone, or anyone, not to be dominated – regardless of their virtue, or their economic and social situation, that is, regardless of their capacity to self-govern. But how can one reconcile the universal claim of freedom as nondomination with the republican supposition that the free person ought to be already socially, economically, and intellectually independent to be able to self-govern? If the many are incapable of self-governing, how can they ever become independent from the government of the few – how can they ever emancipate themselves? This chapter presents four instances of this paradox: the debate on passive/active citizenship, Condorcet’s position on the emancipation of slaves, Guyomar’s argument for the emancipation of women, and Grouchy’s proposal for changing the way we think about human dependence.

Christian August Crusius (1715–1775) was one of the most important German philosophers in the middle of the eighteenth century. His series of four German textbooks offered a systematic and sophisticated alternative to Wolffianism. Kant was at the beginning of his academic career when Crusius’ philosophical works were first published, so it is not surprising that Kant would come to be influenced by Crusius’ philosophy. This chapter contains a translation of selections from books 1 and 2 of Crusius’ Guide to Living Rationally (1744), capturing his theory of the will and desire, his theory of freedom, his voluntarist theory of ethics, his theory of the end of human life, and his moral proof of the immortality of the soul. The selections will help readers better understand Kant’s reference to Crusius’ moral philosophy as one based on the “will of God” (5:40), among many other things.

This chapter lays further conceptual foundation for the book’s proposed trust-based framework. It applies to the citizen-government relationship what I call the ‘network conception of trust’ from the social science scholarship. In doing so, it makes a claim of how trust functions in the social rights context. According to this conception, trust arises in, and depends on, complex structures or networks of relationships. Applying this conception to the citizen-government relationship, the chapter argues that in contemporary democracies, the citizen-government relationship arises in a network of relationships and that trust in the citizen-government relationship depends on the relationships that constitute the network – including, importantly, the relationship between citizens and the courts that arises out of the adjudication of social rights by courts. This argument adds nuance to our understanding of trust and lays foundation for my contention in Chapter 4 that the courts, via their enforcement of social rights, can foster citizens’ trust in the elected branches.

Complications of alcohol misuse are frequently encountered in the general hospital setting, as well as primary care and outpatient clinics. It is an essential part of the skillset of a consultation-liaison (CL) psychiatrist to be able to competently assess the scale of the problem, to offer advice and guidance on acute issues which may arise during intoxication and withdrawal and to orchestrate appropriate support and follow-up if a patient is willing to engage. This chapter aims to equip the reader with relevant epidemiology, some clinically useful biology and mathematics and a scaffold for building on previously acquired basics in terms of assessment and management of alcohol-related problems in the general hospital setting.

From the early days of national independence in 1975, the central aim of the educational policy in Mozambique has been to ensure that all school-age children have access to school and can remain there until they have completed their basic education. In the pursuit of this aim, the extension of access to primary education was relatively successful, given that it reached a net rate of school coverage of almost 100 per cent. However, the impressive increase in school attendance rates has not been accompanied by a corresponding improvement in the quality of learning, and there are worrying signs of a considerable setback in relation to this aspect. Using this observation as a starting point, this chapter identifies and analyses the variables in the institutional context behind ‘schooling without learning’. The results point to (i) weak state capacity; (ii) excessive dependence on external aid; and (iii) poor community involvement and participation in school management, as factors with a major influence on the poor quality of education in primary schools.

What are we to make of the sermon at the end of Either/Or? How does it stand in relation to the book’s preceding presentations of aesthetic and ethical life? Why is it presented under the title, “Ultimatum”? This chapter takes up these questions by showing how the sermon, and the fictional Jutland priest to whom it is attributed, serve to represent a certain development within ethical subjectivity. On the reading I develop, the sermon represents, namely, a way of trying to sustain a stance of participation in ethical life, in the face of experiences of human powerlessness and exposure to tragedy, without despair but also without succumbing to illusions of ethical independence. So understood, the sermon offers a perspective that, while it incorporates elements of both, provides a third alternative to the tragic outlook of “A” in Either/Or’s Volume 1 and the letters of Judge William in Volume 2.

Chapter four concentrates on a close analysis of Aquinas’s understanding of creation, which is undeniably crucial for any attempt at constructing and evaluating a Thomistic version of theistic evolutionism. The exposition of Aquinass philosophical theology of creation and his commentary on the work of six days in Genesis is preceded by an analysis of Augustine’s reading of the Hexameron, his use of the concept of rationes seminales, and the debate on whether his notion of creation can be interpreted as evolution-friendly.

A focus on care draws attention to the fact that ethical self-cultivation, even in traditions that foreground moral autonomy, relies upon relationships of dependence. The recognition of relational and ethical dependence is familiar to anthropologists and has long been central for feminist ethics. However, the enormous body of anthropological scholarship that has emerged on care over the last decade raises the question of ethical dependence anew. This chapter problematizes the concept of care. It asks: how might ‘care’ as a topic, and as engaged ethnographically, trouble some of the ways that ethical life more broadly has been conceived in the philosophical and anthropological literature? Conversely, how might attention to the ethical stakes of care trouble some of the rich ethnographic scholarship on care? The chapter draws most substantially on anthropological and philosophical scholarship in virtue ethics and in phenomenology to consider both the relational complexities of care and care’s ineffable and elusive ethical dimensions.

Metacognitions, or the beliefs one holds about internal mental states and the strategies aimed at controlling them, are known to play a significant role in the development and maintenance of addictive behaviours. However, only very limited research has investigated the role of metacognitions in exercise addiction (EA). This chapter describes the case of a 36-year-old woman with EA, whose metacognitive strategies appeared to be directly linked to her addictive behaviour. The risky behaviours and detrimental effects on other aspects of life that are observed in individuals with EA appear to be as harmful to their physical and mental health as are the addiction-related behaviours and effects observed among people with substance use disorders. It is proposed that EA is a specific behavioural addiction that merits inclusion as a mental disorder in the International Classification of Diseases and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.