This chapter identifies areas where in-depth research can find out institutional challenges that are most critical to Bangladeshs economic development. Two approaches are employed. The first approach uses a variety of institutional measures available in international databases to examine how a country, in this case, Bangladesh, differs from a set of comparators. It is largely based on these indicators that the idea of a Bangladesh paradox was formed: Bangladesh appears as a country with impressive economic growth performance but weak institutional performance. However, there can be some doubt about the reliability of institutional indicators in global rankings. Therefore, the second approach is undertaken where a questionnaire survey of various types of decision-makers and academics is used. The survey respondents identify several institutional weaknesses which include ubiquitous corruption (electoral, business, and recruitment to the civil service); executive control over legal bodies, the media, the judiciary, and the banking sector; inadequate coverage of public services; the number and intensity of land conflicts; and gender discrimination.