Introducing the volume’s fourth and final thematic strand (Cultural Perspectives), this chapter offers a study of warfare and violence in the age of William the Conqueror. Following a general introduction, it scrutinises the justifications of William’s wars and the history of hostilities and their limitations in Normandy. This is followed by a discussion of rebellion against ducal and royal rule contextualised within contemporary cultures of warfare and violence in northern France. The chapter concludes with studies of castles, conquests, and conduct in the Anglo-Norman world of the eleventh century.

The concept is broached of mid-twentieth-century British Christianity as in a battle, comprising five core zones of engagement. These were: the struggle of conservative religionists to impose upon the people ignorance about sex; the effort of licensing authorities to control leisure venues; the struggle between churches and their agents against Humanists, secularists, agnostics and atheists over the theocratic stranglehold of moral law; the contest waged by Humanists to release the Christian grip upon moral and ethical broadcasting at the BBC; and, with the collapse of the conservative moral regime in the 1960s, the discreet tussle erupting between the Church of England and the Roman Catholic Church for the baton of moral leadership. These struggles undergird the book’s key interventions – to enlarge religion in cultural history, reasserting the reality of secularisation in the British establishment and pinpointing Humanists as the pioneers in progressive medical legislation. Reviews follow of existing narratives of the 1950s and 1960s in transatlantic and British historiography, emphasising the importance of parallel North American experience in the history of sex and religion.