This chapter summarizes the maximum sentences available to domestic courts around the world for the perpetration of acts of terrorism. In more than one-quarter of all States this includes the death penalty. The chapter then describes the prosecution of terrorism suspects in selected domestic courts across the Americas, Africa, Asia and the Pacific, and Europe. It considers the reasonableness of the charges laid, the fairness of the trials, and the legitimacy of the sentences imposed upon conviction. Some of those prosecuted for terrorism offences are children or women. The overwhelming majority, though, are men between the ages of eighteen and twenty-five years.

On one level, this chapter invites readers on an engaging cultural and geographic journey across the Americas, but more deeply it challenges our ways of facilitating early childhood teacher education for sustainability. There is no one right way to motivate teachers – both pre-service and in-service – to take on the challenges of sustainability; however, this chapter offers a range of possibilities. Harwood examines a Canadian pre-service ECEfS course of study with Indigenous and colonial perspectives interwoven; Carr focuses on the in-service experiences of educators participating in a centre transformation towards ECEfS at Arlitt Child Development Center; while Bascopé documents an in-service exploration of the role of Indigenous Chilean culture in ECEfS with teachers. Diversity and richness characterise this chapter.

Chapter 3 analyzes the many attempts to reconcile notions of empire with proliferating claims to independence during the Age of Revolutions, arguing that such claims and their relative success were precarious and contingent on the ideological context at hand, and rarely if ever translated into a demise of empires or imperial forms of rule. Claims to independence during this period are best understood in the context of emergent norms of international legal recognition, and against the backdrop of the competing visions of empire that animated global great power rivalries in the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars. When seen from this perspective, the rise of independent states in the Americas looks less like a successful revolt against empire and an expansion of international society into a new continent but more like a continuation of empire with indirect means in a world defined by the interconnectedness of nominally sovereign states.

Foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows can lead to more opportunities for women in the job market but may also exacerbate gender disparities. While gender mainstreaming in trade agreements has been extensively discussed over the past few years, demonstrating the need for reform, the discussion on gender mainstreaming in investment treaties is incipient, although extremely interesting. The inclusion of gender provisions in investment treaties is one of the pillars for a successful strategy to overcome gender inequality. It needs to be addressed along with gender policies by multinational enterprises (MNEs) leading the foreign investment process. This chapter aims to address the role of women as levers of change and the opportunity for MNEs to be the drivers of this change. To this end, it reviews the recent evolution of gender provisions in investment agreements and demonstrates how FDI can foment much-needed change by providing examples of actions and policies by MNEs in the Americas towards promoting more opportunities for women.

Is modernism the most apt term for the literary efflorescence that took place in the first decades of the twentieth century across a range of regional and cultural contexts? What are the advantages and disadvantages of considering the heterogeneous collective of the Americas together? This essay spotlights significant Latinx writers, texts, and exchanges seldom included in conversations about American modernism, as it discusses the development of Latinx literature and Spanish-language literatures within the geographical bounds of what is now the US. Doing so reveals the crucial contributions of Latinx poets and the role of translation in fueling literary innovation.

Volume 1 of The Cambridge History of Global Migrations documents the lives and experiences of everyday people through the lens of human movement and mobility from 1400 to 1800. Focusing on the most important typologies of preindustrial global migrations, this volume reveals how these movements transformed global paths of mobility, the impacts of which we still see in societies today. Case studies include those that arose from the demand for free, forced, and unfree labor, long- and short-distance trade, rural/urban displacement, religious mobility, and the rise of the number of refugees worldwide. With thirty chapters from leading experts in the field, this authoritative volume is an essential and detailed study of how migration shaped the nature of global human interactions before the age of modern globalization.

Mapping Roberto Bolaño’s worlds, “literary” and “non-literary” alike, invites the work of many hands. In that collaborative spirit, conceived and organized in four parts – “Geographical, Social, and Historical Contexts,” “Shaping Events and Literary History,” “Genres, Discourses, Media,” and “Aesthetics, Culture, and Politics” – the twenty-nine essays that follow bring together the work of a distinguished group of scholars representing a range of disciplines. The volume itself is thus a nexus of many overlapping worlds, of locations and perspectives aligned and divergent, a site to encourage conversations about Bolaño’s work for generations to come, to 2666 and beyond.

Chapter 28 provides an overview history of translation and interpreting activity through the second millennium in Africa, the Americas (the ‘New World’), Asia (China, India, Japan, Turkey) and the Old World. The chapter concludes with a section on the twentieth century that links the professionalization of translation, terminology and interpretation with the development of transnational organizations (e.g. UNESCO: The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) and supranational unions (e.g. the European Union) in the aftermath of World War II, along with continued globalization and technological progress.

This chapter frames the OSPAAAL within the longer historical arc of the interwar League Against Imperialism (LAI). It argues that the OSPAAAL recovered five major ideological tendencies of the LAI’s understudied Americas-based section, the Anti-Imperialist League of the Americas (La liga anti-imperialista de las Américas, LADLA), created in Mexico City in 1925. Despite the similarities of the political projects of these organizations, they exhibited a major difference in that the LADLA, in its early years, demonstrated less commitment to Black struggles in the Americas and was more focused on organizing with Indigenous communities. Through fashioning itself as a non-race-based global movement that prioritized Black struggles, the OSPAAAL aimed to correct this limitation of its predecessor. However, although the OSPAAAL focused on Black struggles from its inception, it did so largely with respect to African Americans in the United States and South Africa, repeating the tendency of its predecessor to elide the problems of anti-Black racism in Latin America.

This chapter argues that sites of punitive relocation were important locations for colonial encounters, exploration, and knowledge formation. Their relatively open character meant that many convicts lived and settled in already dynamic societies in which Indigenous peoples, settlers, labour migrants, and/ or enslaved persons lived. Thus, they constituted ideal vantage points for the observation of Indigenous peoples, and for commodity exchange. Central points here are that Indigenous people greatly assisted the process of penal colonization that at the same time dispossessed and devastated them, and they encountered and resisted the people who came to live in sites of penal relocation in a variety of ways. From a history of science perspective, it is also significant that the separate penal colonies established in nations and empires from the late eighteenth century onwards were often located in relatively pristine natural spaces. Penal administrators and visiting naturalists, botanists, geologists, and zoologists exploited these natural resources in their scientific research – often assisted by convicts and Indigenous peoples. Convicts and colonized populations played a vital role in Europe’s so-called voyages of discovery, with scientists drawing on their superior local knowledge and practical support.

Matthew Goldmark examines the role of compassion in the Dominican friar Bartolomé de las Casas’s famous condemnation of sixteenth-century Spanish conquest, the Brevísima relación de la destrucción de las Indias (1552), which describes Spaniards’ violent attacks on defenceless indigenous populations across the so-called New World. Goldmark argue that in the Brevísima relación, affect justifies action; it is the sight of indigenous suffering that obliges the text’s royal recipient Phillip II to stop the violent destruction perpetrated by his unmanaged vassals in the New World. While scholars have mined the juridical, classical and religious source base that Las Casas employs in the Brevísima relación, few have placed emotion at the centre of this intellectual inquiry. In this chapter, Goldmark argues that emotion – specifically pity – is essential to the Brevísima relación’s defence of indigenous peoples and, as important, to its creation of a transatlantic imperial relationship between 'Indians' and the Crown. In the Brevísima relación, pity identifies a hierarchical relation that obliges intervention from a powerful imperial witness-authority. Thus, the affective imperative created by pity is not one of contemplation of an equal, but rather a call to action for an Other whose relation to empire remains undetermined.

This chapter’s analysis of Aluna Theatre’s RUTAS and CAMINOS festivals in Toronto, Canada, examines the ways in which these grassroots festivals harness the power of an interactional, mass gathering to generate a ‘theatrical commons’ grounded in a heterogeneous, intercultural Americas. Since their inauguration in 2012, the festivals feature and foster co-productions with Latin American, Latinx, Indigenous, and Afro-Caribbean artists from across the Americas as a way of generating alternative producing structures to foster hemispheric work and, in turn, alternative genealogies of Canadian performance history. The ‘theatrical commons’ generated by the alternating biennials of RUTAS and CAMINOS produces new social relations grounded in interculturalization rather than internationalization, offering a model of how festivals might advance forms of interculturalization as an ‘inter-epistemology’ with the potential to unravel colonial thinking and domination. These festivals play a critical role in reshaping the Canadian performance landscape and demonstrating how festivals can redirect transnational flows of knowledge and artistic production towards more inclusive practices.

After millennia of cooling, the Last Glacial Maximum reached an extreme. Every species adjusted, even in the tropics. Humans responded with new social organization: communities pooled resources to face issues of leadership, forming confederations that pooled resources. After the coldest moment – 21,500 years ago – migrants moved to newly fertile lands as temperature rose almost ceaselessly for millennia. Intensive food gathering was accompanied by productive institutions: architecture for permanent homes, textiles, ceramics, and workshops for visual representation. Eurasiatic-speakers moved westward across Siberia; others moved both north and south in eastern Asia and between Africa and western Asia. New details on American settlement now reveal two groups of Asian voyagers who followed the “kelp highway” just offshore. The main group formed settlements along the Pacific littoral, expanding inland from points as far as southern Chile by 19,000 years ago. By the end of the Pleistocene, the achievements of early humanity included occupying most of Earth, supplementing foraging with production, exquisite visual representations, and dependable adaptability.