Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-tf8b9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T03:45:25.851Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Emerging threat of H9N2 viruses in poultry of Pakistan and vaccination strategy

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 April 2016

S. UMAR ,
S. SARFRAZ ,
A. MUSHTAQ  and
M. ATTIQUE
S. UMAR*
Affiliation:
National Veterinary School, Toulouse, France PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
S. SARFRAZ
Affiliation:
Veterinary Research Institute (VRI), Lahore, Pakistan
A. MUSHTAQ
Affiliation:
Veterinary Research Institute (VRI), Lahore, Pakistan
M. ATTIQUE
Affiliation:
Poultry Research Institute (PRI), Rawalpindi, Pakistan
*
Corresponding author: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

In Pakistan, H9N2 avian influenza viruses were first reported in 1998, and since then, they have been prevalent in chickens and have continuously evolved through reassortment in live bird markets. Poultry carrying H9N2 viruses act as incubators for the evolution of influenza viruses in wild birds. Recent reports have shown that the Pakistani H9N2 viruses have undergone antigenic drift and evolved into novel genotypes posing a potential threat to poultry and human health having genome segments similar to H5N1 and H7N3 viruses. Recent evidence of interspecies transmission suggested that the H9N2 avian virus could be the next human pandemic strain. Continuous monitoring of viral evolution and updates on vaccines are warranted to achieve efficient control and eradication of H9N2 viruses in Pakistan. The following review covers the emergence and evolution of H9N2 viruses and vaccination strategy in Pakistan.

Keywords

H9N2 virusevolutionvaccinationpoultryPakistan
Type
Reviews
Information
World's Poultry Science Journal , Volume 72 , Issue 2 , June 2016 , pp. 343 - 352
Copyright
Copyright © World's Poultry Science Association 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

AL-GARIB, S., AGHA, A. and AL-MESILATY, L. (2016) Low pathogenic avian influenza H9N2: world-wide distribution. World's Poultry Science Journal 72:125-136 doi:10.1017/S0043933915002603.Google Scholar
ABBAS, M.A., SPACKMAN, E., SWAYNE, D.E., AHMED, Z., SARMENTO, L., SIDDIQUE, N., NAEEM, K., HAMEED, A. and REHMANI, S. (2010) Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of H7N3 avian influenza viruses isolated from poultry in Pakistan 1995-2004. Virology Journal 7: 1-10.Google Scholar
AHAD, A., RABBANI, M., YAQUB, T., YOUNUS, M., MAHMOOD, A., SHABBIR, M.Z. and RASHEED, M. (2013) Serosurveillance to H9 and H7 avian influenza virus among poultry workers in Punjab province, Pakistan. Pakistan Veterinary Journal 33: 107-112.Google Scholar
ALEXANDER, D.J. (2000) A review of avian influenza in different bird species. Veterinary Microbiology 74: 3-13.Google Scholar
ALEXANDER, D.J. (2007) An overview of the epidemiology of avian influenza. Vaccine 25: 5637-5644.Google Scholar
AYAZ, M., SAJID, M., KHAN, S., QURESHI, M.S., REHMAN, A., KHAWAJA, N., RAFIQ, M. and MAQBOOL, M. (2010) Prevalence of Avian Influenza and its economic impact on poultry population of Hazara region Pakistan. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture 26: 629-633.Google Scholar
BANO, S., NAEEM, K. and MALIK, S.A. (2003) Evaluation of pathogenic potential of avian influenza virus serotype H9N2 in chickens. Avian Diseases 47: 817-822.Google Scholar
BUTT, K.M., SMITH, G.J. and CHEN, H. (2005) Human infection with an avian H9N2 influenza A virus in Hong Kong in 2003. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 43: 5760-5767.Google Scholar
CAMERON, K.R., GREGORY, V., BANKS, J., BROWN, I.H. and ALEXANDER, D.J. (2000) H9N2 Subtype Influenza viruses in poultry in Pakistan are closely related to the H9N2 Viruses responsible for human infection in Hong Kong. Virology 278: 36-41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CAPUA, I. and ALEXANDER, D.J. (2004) Avian influenza: recent developments. Avian Pathology 33: 393-404.Google Scholar
CHAUDHRY, M., ANGOT, A., RASHID, H.B., CATTOLI, G., HUSSAIN, M. and TROVÒ, G. (2015) Reassortant avian influenza A (H9N2) viruses in chickens in retail poultry shops, Pakistan, 2009-2010. Emerging Infectious Diseases 21: 673-676.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
CHEEMA, B.F., SIDDIQUE, M., SHARIF, A., MANSOOR, M.K. and IQBAL, Z. (2011) Seroprevalence of avian influenza in broiler flocks in district Gujranwala (Pakistan). International Journal of Agriculture Biology 13: 850-856.Google Scholar
CHOI, Y.K., OZAKI, H. and WEBBY, R.J. (2004) Continuing evolution of H9N2 influenza viruses in South eastern China. Journal of Virology 78: 8609-8614.Google Scholar
DHAMA, K., MAHENDRAN, M., GUPTA, P.K. and RAI, A. (2008) DNA vaccines and their applications in veterinary practice: current perspectives. Veterinary Research Communications 32: 341-356.Google Scholar
FAN, X., HASHEM, A.M., CHEN, Z., LI, C., DOYLE, T., ZHANG, Y., YI, Y., FARNSWORTH, A., XU, K., LI, Z., HE, R., LI, X. and WANG, J. (2015) Targeting the HA2 subunit of influenza A virus hemagglutinin via CD40L provides universal protection against diverse subtypes. Mucosal Immunology 8: 211-220.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
FUSARO, A., MONNE, I. and SALVIATO, A. (2011) Phylogeography and evolutionary history of reassortant H9N2 viruses with potential human health implications. Journal of Virology 85: 8413-8421.Google Scholar
GE, F.F., ZHOU, J.P. and LIU, J. (2009) Genetic evolution of H9 subtype influenza viruses from live poultry markets in Shanghai, China. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 47: 3294-3300.Google Scholar
GUAN, Y., SHORTRIDGE, K.F., KRAUSS, S. and WEBSTER, R.G. (1999) Molecular characterization of H9N2 influenza viruses: were they the donors of the ‘‘internal’’ genes of H5N1 viruses in Hong Kong? Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences USA 96: 9363-9367.Google Scholar
GUAN, Y., SHORTRIDGE, K.F. and KRAUSS, S. (2000) H9N2 influenza viruses possessing H5N1-like internal genomes continue to circulate in poultry in south eastern China. Journal of Virology 74: 9372-9380.Google Scholar
GUO, Y.J., LI, J.W. and CHENG, I. (1999) Discovery of humans infected by avian influenza A (H9N2) virus. Chinese Journal of Experimental and Clinical Virology 115: 105-108.Google Scholar
GUO, Y.J., KRAUSS, S. and SENNE, D.A. (2000) Characterization of the pathogenicity of members of the newly established H9N2 influenza virus lineages in Asia. Virology 267: 279-288.Google Scholar
HOSSAIN, M.J., HICKMAN, D. and PEREZ, D.R. (2008) Evidence of expanded host range and mammalian-associated genetic changes in a duck H9N2 influenza virus following adaptation in quail and chickens. PLoS ONE 3: e3170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
IQBAL, M., YAQUB, T., REDDY, K. and MCCAULEY, J.W. (2009) Novel Genotypes of H9N2 Influenza A Viruses Isolated from Poultry in Pakistan Containing NS Genes Similar to Highly Pathogenic H7N3 and H5N1 Viruses. PLoS ONE 4: e5788.Google Scholar
KANG, S.M., SONG, J.M., QUAN, F.S. and COMPANS, R.W. (2009) Influenza vaccines based on virus-like particles. Virus Research 143: 140-146.Google Scholar
KHANNA, M., SAXENA, L., GUPTA, A., KUMAR, B. and RAJPUT, R. (2013) Influenza pandemics of 1918 and 2009: a comparative account. Future Virology 8: 335-342.Google Scholar
KHAWAJA, J.Z., NAEEM, K., AHMED, Z. and AHMAD, S. (2005) Surveillance of avian influenza viruses in wild birds in areas adjacent to epicenter of an outbreak in federal capital territory of Pakistan. International Journal of Poultry Science 4: 39-43.Google Scholar
KIM, J.A., CHO, S.H., KIM, H.S. and SEO, S.H. (2006) H9N2 influenza viruses isolated from poultry in Korean live bird markets continuously evolve and cause the severe clinical signs in layers. Veterinary Microbiology 118:169-176.Google Scholar
LADDY, D.J., YAN, J., CORBITT, N., KOBASA, D., KOBINGER, G.P. and WEINER, D.B. (2007) Immunogenicity of novel consensus-based DNA vaccines against avian influenza. Vaccine 25: 2984-2989.Google Scholar
LEE, D.C.W., CHRIS, K.P.M., ANNA, H.Y.L., MALIK, P. and ALLAN, S.Y.L. (2010) Differential replication of avian influenza H9N2 viruses in human alveolar epithelial A549 cells. Virology Journal 7: 71.Google Scholar
LEE, D.H. and SONG, C.S. (2013) H9N2 avian influenza virus in Korea: evolution and vaccination. Clinical Experimental Vaccine Research 2: 26-33.Google Scholar
LIN, Y.P., SHAW, M. and GREGORY, V. (2000) Avian-to-human transmission of H9N2 subtype influenza A viruses: Relationship between H9N2 and H5N1 human isolates. Proceeding of National Academy of Science USA 97: 9654-9658.Google Scholar
LIU, D., SHI, W. and GAO, G.F. (2014) Poultry carrying H9N2 act as incubators for novel human avian influenza viruses. Lancet 383: 869.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MATROSOVICH, M.N., KRAUSS, S. and WEBSTER, R.G. (2001) H9N2 influenza A viruses from poultry in Asia have human virus-like receptor specificity. Virology 281:156-162.Google Scholar
MUHAMMAD, K., HUSSAN, I., RIAZ, A., MANZOOR, R. and SAJID, M.A. (2001) Isolation and characterization of avian influenza virus (H9 type) from outbreaks of respiratory syndrome in commercial poultry. Pakistan Journal of Scientific Research 53: 3-4.Google Scholar
NAEEM, K., ULLAH, A., MANVELL, R.J. and ALEXANDER, D.J. (1999) Avian influenza A subtype H9N2 in poultry in Pakistan. Veterinary Record 145: 560.Google Scholar
NAEEM, K. and SIDDIQUE, N. (2006) Use of strategic vaccination for the control of avian influenza in Pakistan. Developmental Biology (Basel) 124: 145-150.Google ScholarPubMed
NAEEM, K., SIDDIQUE, N., AYAZ, M. and JALALEE, M.A. (2007) Avian influenza in Pakistan: outbreaks of low- and high-pathogenicity avian influenza in Pakistan during 2003-2006. Avian Diseases 51: 189-193.Google Scholar
PARVIN, R., HEENEMANN, K., HALAMI, M., CHOWDHURY, E., ISLAM, M.R. and VAHLENKAMP, T. (2014) Full genome analysis of avian influenza virus H9N2 from Bangladesh reveals internal gene reassortments with two distinct highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. Archive of Virology 159: 1651-1661.Google Scholar
PAWAR, S.D., TANDALE, B.V., RAUT, C.G., PARKHI, S.S. and BARDE, T.D. (2012) Avian Influenza H9N2 Seroprevalence among Poultry Workers in Pune, India, 2010. PLoS ONE 7: e36374.Google Scholar
PEIRIS, M., YUEN, K.Y., LEUNG, C.W., CHAN, K.H. and IP, P.L. (1999) Human infection with influenza H9N2. Lancet 354: 916-917.Google Scholar
PREL, A., LE GALL-RECULE, G. and JESTIN, V. (2008) Achievement of avian influenza virus-like particles that could be used as a subunit vaccine against low-pathogenic avian influenza strains in ducks. Avian Pathology 37: 513-520.Google Scholar
RASHEED, M., REHMANI, S.F., IQBAL, M., AHMAD, A., AKHTAR, F., AKHTAR, R., BIBI, T., ASLAM, H.B., AFRIDI, S.Q. and MUKHTAR, N. (2013) Seropositivity to Avian Influenza Virus Subtype H9N2 among Human Population of Selected Districts of Punjab, Pakistan. Journal of Infection and Molecular Biology 1: 32-34.Google Scholar
RIEDEL, S. (2006) Crossing the species barrier: the threat of an avian influenza pandemic. Proceedings of Baylor University Medical Centre 19:16-20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ROLDAO, A., MELLADO, M.C., CASTILHO, L.R, CARRONDO, M.J. and ALVES, P.M. (2010) Virus-like particles in vaccine development. Expert Review Vaccines 9: 1149-1176.Google Scholar
SWAYNE, D.E. and KAPCZYNSKI, D.R. (2008) Strategies and challenges for eliciting immunity against avian influenza virus in birds. Immunology Reviews 225: 314-331.Google Scholar
SWAYNE, D.E. (2012) Impact of vaccines and vaccination on global control of avian influenza. Avian Diseases 56: 818-828.Google Scholar
TOSH, C., NAGARAJAN, S. and BEHERA, P. (2008) Genetic analysis of H9N2 avian influenza viruses isolated from India. Archives Virology 153: 1433-1439.Google Scholar
ULLAH, S., RIAZ, N., SHAH, M.A.A. and UMAR, S. (2013) DNA vaccines against avian influenza: current research and future prospects. World's Poultry Science Journal 69:125-134.Google Scholar
UMAR, S., YOUNUS, M., REHMAN, M.U., ASLAM, A., SHAH, M.A.A., MUNIR, M.T., HUSSAIN, S., IQBAL, F., FIAZ, M. and ULLAH, S. (2015a) Role of aflatoxin toxicity on transmissibility and pathogenicity of H9N2 avian influenza virus in turkeys. Avian Pathology 44: 305-310.Google Scholar
UMAR, S., REHMAN, A., YOUNUS, M., NISA, Q., ALI, A., SHAHZAD, M., SHAH, M.A.A., MUNIR, M.T., ASLAM, H. and YAQOOB, M. (2015b) Effects of Nigella sativa on immune responses and pathogenesis of avian influenza (H9N2) virus in turkeys. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 2: 1-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/japr/pfv070.Google Scholar
UMAR, S., ARIF, M., SHAH, M.A.A., MUNIR, M.T., AHMED, S. and KHAN, M.I. (2015c) Application of Avian cytokines as immuno-modulating agents: a review. World's Poultry Science Journal 71: 643-653.Google Scholar
XU, K.M., SMITH, G.J. and BAHL, J. (2007) The genesis and evolution of H9N2 influenza viruses in poultry from southern China, 2000 to 2005. Journal of Virology 81: 10389-11040.Google Scholar