Hostname: page-component-55f67697df-jr75m Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-05-09T14:35:42.092Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Geographically Targeted Spending in Mixed-Member Majoritarian Electoral Systems

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 September 2021

Amy Catalinac Open the ORCID record for Amy Catalinac [Opens in a new window]  and
Lucia Motolinia Open the ORCID record for Lucia Motolinia [Opens in a new window]
Get access

Abstract

Can governments elected under mixed-member majoritarian (mmm) electoral systems use geographically targeted spending to increase their chances of staying in office, and if so, how? Although twenty-eight countries use mmm electoral systems, scant research has addressed this question. The authors explain how mmm’s combination of electoral systems in two unlinked tiers creates a distinct strategic environment in which a large party and a small party can trade votes in one tier for votes in the other tier in a way that increases the number of seats won by both. They then explain how governing parties dependent on vote trading can use geographically targeted spending to cement it. These propositions are tested using original data from Japan (2003–2013) and Mexico (2012–2016). In both cases, municipalities in which the supporters of governing parties split their ballots as instructed were found to have received more money after elections. The findings have broad implications for research on mmm electoral systems, distributive politics, and the politics of Japan and Mexico.

Keywords

coordinationelectoral systemsgeographically targeted spendingJapanese politicsMexican politicsmixed-member majoritarianstand-down agreementsunlinked tiersvote trading
Type
Research Article
Information
World Politics , Volume 73 , Issue 4 , October 2021 , pp. 668 - 711
Copyright
Copyright © Trustees of Princeton University 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

ACE: The Electoral Knowledge Network. 2013. “The ACE Encyclopedia: Parties and Candidates.” At http://aceproject.org/ace-en/topics/pc/pca/pca02/pca02b, accessed June 10, 2021.Google Scholar
Ames, Barry. 1995. “Electoral Strategy under Open-List Proportional Representation.” American Journal of Political Science 39, no. 2: 406–33. At https://doi.org/10.2307/2111619.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Angrist, Joshua D., and Pischke, Jörn-Steffen. 2009. Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist’s Companion. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shimbun, Asahi. 2000a. “Byousou Saguru 405 Fun Jimin Sousenkyo Hansei Kai Gijiroku no Omona Hatsugen.” September 7: 4.Google Scholar
Shimbun, Asahi. 2000b. “Ikku, Nikku (Yamagata Senkyoku Jyosei 2000 Nen Sousenkyo): Jyo, Okayama.” Yamagata regional ed., June 10: 27.Google Scholar
Shimbun, Asahi. 2000c. “Jikou Kyoryoku (2000 Nen Nara Sousenkyo Moyou), Nara.” Nara regional ed., June 10: 31.Google Scholar
Shimbun, Asahi. 2000d. “Jikou Kyoryoku, Kennai Ryoto no Honne Ha (Sousenkyo 2000), Okayama.” Okayama regional ed., June 6: 31.Google Scholar
Shimbun, Asahi. 2000e. “Jikou Kyoryoku ni Meian Renritsu Hihan Jyaku Nenso ni Tsuyoku Sousenkyo Deguchi Chosa Ishikawa.” Ishikawa regional ed., June 27: 35.Google Scholar
Shimbun, Asahi. 2000f. “Oomono Ouen Ni Omowaku Samazama (Erabu 2000 Sousenkyo), Oita.” Oita regional ed., June 16: 27.Google Scholar
Bawn, Kathleen, and Michael, Thies. 2003. “A Comparative Theory of Electoral Incentives: Representing the Unorganized under PR, Plurality and Mixed-Member Electoral Systems.” Journal of Theoretical Politics 15, no. 1: 5–32. At https://doi.org/10.1177/0951692803151001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bormann, Nils-Christian, and Matt, Golder. 2013. “Democratic Electoral Systems around the World, 1946-2011.” Electoral Studies 32, no. 2: 360-69. At https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2013.01.005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Diputados, Cámara. 2012. “Presupuesto de Egresos de la Federación para el Ejercicio Fiscal 2013.” Mexico City, Mexico: México Distrito Federal: Diario Official de la Federación, December 27. At http://www.dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5283490&fecha=27/12/2012, accessed March 12, 2019.Google Scholar
Campos, Mariana, Garcia, Alejandro, and Ruiz, Liliana. 2018. “Arquitectura del Ramo 23.” Mexico City, Mexico: Mexico Evalua, Centro de Analisis de Politi-cas Publicas. At https://www.mexicoevalua.org/arquitectura-del-ramo-23/, accessed January 24, 2020.Google Scholar
Carey, John M., and Shugart, Matthew Soberg. 1995. “Incentives to Cultivate a Personal Vote: A Rank Ordering of Electoral Formulas.” Electoral Studies 14, no. 4: 417–39. At https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-3794(94)00035-2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carr, Adam. 2021. “Adam Carr’s Election Archive.” At http://psephos.adam-carr.net/, accessed June 17, 2021.Google Scholar
Casar, María Amparo. 2012. “El reparto del poder: Otro gobierno sin mayoría.” Nexos, August 1. At https://www.nexos.com.mx/?p=14917, accessed July 9, 2020.Google Scholar
Catalinac, Amy, de Mesquita, Bruce Bueno, and Smith, Alastair.2020.“ATournament Theory of Pork Barrel Politics: The Case of Japan.” Comparative Political Studies 53, no. 10-11: 1619-55. At https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414019897677.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Catalinac, Amy, and Lucia, Motolinia. 2021a. “Replication files for: Geographically Targeted Spending in Mixed-Member Majoritarian Electoral Systems.” Harvard Dataverse, V1. At https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/PYZXLF.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Catalinac, Amy, and Lucia, Motolinia. 2021b. “Supplementary material for: Geographically Targeted Spending in Mixed-Member Majoritarian Electoral Systems.” At https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043887121000113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cervantes, Jesusa. 2017. “El PRI impulsa la eliminación del ‘fondo de los moches’ en San Lázaro.’ Proceso, September 26. At https://www.proceso.com.mx/505071 /pri-impulsa-la-eliminacion-del-fondo-los-moches-en-san-lazaro, accessed February 5, 2020.Google Scholar
Christensen, Ray. 2000. Ending the ldp Hegemony: Party Cooperation in Japan. Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawai’i Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christensen, Ray, and Joel, Sawat Selway. 2017. “Pork-Barrel Politics and Electoral Reform: Explaining the Curious Differences in the Experiences of Thailand and Japan.” Journal of Asian Studies 76, no. 2: 283–310. At https://doi.org/10.1017/S002191181700002X.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ciudadanía Express. 2012. “Por escandalo de boletas PRI pide votar por pvem.” June 30. At https://www.ciudadania-express.com/2012/06/30/por-escandalo-de-boletas-pri-pide-votar-por-pvem/feed/, accessed January 5, 2021.Google Scholar
Collier, Ruth Berins. 1992. The Contradictory Alliance: State-Labor Relations and Regime Change in Mexico. Berkeley, Calif.: International and Area Studies, University of California, Berkeley.Google Scholar
CONAPO (Consejo Nacional de Población). 2017. “Datos Abiertos del Índice de Marginación.” At http://www.conapo.gob.mx/es/CONAPO/Datos_Abiertos_del_Indice_de_Marginacion, accessed February 20, 2019.Google Scholar
Costa-i-Font, Joan, Eduardo Rodriguez-Oreggia, and Dario Lunapla. 2003. “Political Competition and Pork-Barrel Politics in the Allocation of Public Investment in Mexico.” Public Choice 116: 185-204. At https://doi.org/10.1023 /A:1024263208736.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cox, Gary W., and Matthew D. McCubbins. 1986. “Electoral Politics as a Redistributive Game.” Journal of Politics 48, no. 2: 370-89. At https://doi.org/10.2307/2131098.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cox, Karen E., and Leonard J. Schoppa. 2002. “Interaction Effects in Mixed-Member Electoral Systems: Theory and Evidence from Germany, Japan, and Italy.” Comparative Political Studies 35, no. 9: 1027–53. At https://doi.org/10.1177/001041402237505.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dahlberg, Matz, and Eva, Johansson. 2002. “On the Vote-Purchasing Behavior of Incumbent Governments.” American Political Science Review 96, no. 1: 27–40. At https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055402004215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De La, O, Ana, Lorena. 2015. Crafting Policies to End Poverty in Latin America: The Quiet Transformation. New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dixit, Avinash, and John, Londregan. 1996. “The Determinants of Success of Special Interests in Redistributive Politics.” Journal of Politics 58, no. 4: 1132–55. At https://doi.org/10.2307/2960152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Escamilla, Federico. 2018. “Piden a priistas votar por el Verde; Panal, excluido.” Newsweek México. June 17. At https://newsweekespanol.com/2018/06/piden-a-priistas-votar-por-el-verde-panal-excluido/, accessed January 5, 2021.Google Scholar
Expansion. 2017. “El PRI ‘reflexiona’ tras los sismos y ofrece eliminar el fondo de 'moches.'” September 29. At https://expansion.mx/nacional/2017/09/28/el-pri-reflexiona-tras-los-terremotos-y-ofrece-eliminar-el-fondo-de-moches, accessed February 5, 2020.Google Scholar
Ferrara, Federico, and Herron, Erik S.. 2005. “Going It Alone? Strategic Entry under Mixed Electoral Rules.” American Journal of Political Science 49, no. 1: 16–31. At https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0092-5853.2005.00107.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Funk, Patricia, and Christina, Gathmann. 2013. “How Do Electoral Systems Affect Fiscal Policy? Evidence from Cantonal Parliaments, 1890-2000.” Journal of the European Economic Association 11, no. 5: 1178–1203. At https://doi.org/10.1111/jeea.12031.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gallagher, Michael, and Paul, Mitchell. 2005. “Introduction to Electoral Systems.” In Michael, Gallagher and Paul, Mitchell, eds., The Politics of Electoral Systems. New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garcia, Imelda. 2017. “Fondo de Abundacia y Opacidad.” Reporte Indigo, October 11. At https://www.reporteindigo.com/reporte/fondo-abundancia-opacidad/, accessed February 2, 2020.Google Scholar
Golden, Miriam, and Brian, Min. 2013. “Distributive Politics around the World.” Annual Review of Political Science 16: 73–99. At https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-052209-121553.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Golder, Sona N. 2006. “Pre-Electoral Coalition Formation in Parliamentary Democracies.” British Journal of Political Science 36, no. 2: 193–212. At https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123406000123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hainmueller, Jens, Jonathan Mummolo, and Yiqing Xu. 2019. “How Much Should We Trust Estimates from Multiplicative Interaction Models? Simple Tools to Improve Empirical Practice.” Political Analysis 27, no. 2: 163-92. At https://doi.org/10.1017/pan.2018.46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herron, Erik S., Kuniaki, Nemoto, and Misa, Nishikawa. 2018. “Reconciling Approaches in the Study of Mixed-Member Electoral Systems.” In Herron, Erik S., Pekkanen, Robert J., and Matthew, Soberg Shugart, eds., Oxford Handbook for Electoral Systems. New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hicken, Allen. 2016. “Thailand and the Philippines under mmm.” In Batto, Nathan F., Chi, Huang, Tan, Alexander C., and Cox, Gary W., eds., Mixed-Member Electoral Systems in Constitutional Context: Taiwan, Japan, and Beyond. Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Hicken, Allen, and Bangkok, Pundit. 2019. “Thailand’s New Electoral System.” Thai Data Points, June 7. At https://www.thaidatapoints.com/post/thai-elec tion-pending-5, accessed December 27, 2020.Google Scholar
Hirano, Shigeo. 2006. “Electoral Institutions, Hometowns, and Favored Minorities: Evidence from Japanese Electoral Reforms.” World Politics 59, no. 1 (January): 51–82. At https://doi.org/10.1353/wp.2007.0017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hiskey, Jonathan. 1999. “Does Democracy Matter? Electoral Competition and Local Development in Mexico.” Ph.D. diss., University of Pittsburgh.Google Scholar
Horiuchi, Yusaku, and Jun, Saito. 2003. “Reapportionment and Redistribution: Consequences of Electoral Reform in Japan.” American Journal of Political Science 47, no. 4: 669–82. At https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-5907.00047.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
IMCO (Instituto Mexicano para la Competitividad AC). 2018. “Índice de Información Presupuestal Municipal,” 9th ed. At https://imco.org.mx/temas/in dice-informacion-presupuestal-municipal/, accessed November 12, 2019.Google Scholar
INE (Instituto Nacional Electoral). 2018. “Bases de Datos de los Procesos Electorales Federales en Mexico (1991-2015).” At http://siceef.ine.mx/downloadDB.html, accessed March 17, 2019.Google Scholar
INEGI (Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía). 2017. “Sistema Estatal y Municipal de Bases de Datos.” At https:// www.inegi.org.mx/datos/#Microdatos, accessed March 17, 2019.Google Scholar
International Institute for Democracy and Election Assistance. 2017. “Electoral System Design Database.” At https://www.idea.int/data-tools/data/electoral -system-design, accessed June 10, 2021.Google Scholar
Inter-Parliamentary, Union. 2016. “PARLINE Database on National Parliaments.” At https://data.ipu.org/, accessed June 10, 2021.Google Scholar
Jastramskis, Mažvydas. 2019. “Effects of the Mixed Parallel Electoral System in Lithuania: The Worst of All Worlds?” Parliamentary Affairs 72, no. 3: 561–87. At https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsy030.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jiménez, Horacio, and Suzzete, Alcántara. 2016. “Fondos para moches no son una sorpresa.” El Universal. December 22. At http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/articulo/nacion/politica/2016/12/22/fondos-para-moches-no-son-una-sorpresa, accessed February 5, 2020. Kellam, Marisa. 2017. “Why Pre-Electoral Coalitions in Presidential Systems?” British Journal of Political Science 47, no. 2: 391–411. At https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123415000198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kerevel, Yann P. 2010. “The Legislative Consequences of Mexico’s Mixed-Member Electoral System, 2000-2009.” Electoral Studies 29, no. 4: 691–703. At https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2010.07.004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kerevel, Yann P. 2015. “Pork-Barreling without Reelection? Evidence from the Mexican Congress.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 40, no. 1: 137–66. At https://doi.org/10.1111/lsq.12068.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klein, Axel. 2013. “Komeito—The First ‘Third Force.’” In Robert, Pekkanen, Reed, Steven R., and Ethan, Scheiner, eds., Japan Decides 2012: The Japanese General Election. London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Kollman, Ken, Allen Hicken, Daniele Caramani, David Backer, and David Lublin. 2019. “Constituency-Level Elections Archive.” Ann Arbor, Mich.: Center for Political Studies, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan. At http://www.electiondataarchive.org, accessed June 10, 2021.Google Scholar
Krauss, Ellis, Kuniaki Nemoto, and Robert Pekkanen. 2012. “Reverse Contamination: Burning and Building Bridges in Mixed-Member Systems.” Comparative Political Studies 45, no. 6: 747-73. At https://doi.org/10.1177/001041 4011427881.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lancaster, Thomas D., and W. David Patterson. 1990. “Comparative Pork Barrel Politics: Perceptions from the West German Bundestag.” Comparative Political Studies 22, no. 4: 458–77. At https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414090022004004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liff, Adam P., and Ko Maeda. 2019. “Electoral Incentives, Policy Compromise, and Coalition Durability: Japan’s LDP-Komeito Government in a Mixed Electoral System.” Japanese Journal of Political Science 20, no. 1: 53–73. At https://doi.org/10.1017/S1468109918000415.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lizzeri, Alessandro, and Nicola, Persico. 2001. “The Provision of Public Goods under Alternative Electoral Incentives.” American Economic Review 91, no. 1: 225–39. At https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.91.1.225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lundberg, Thomas Carl. 2009. “Post-Communism and the Abandonment of Mixed-Member Electoral Systems.” Representation 45, no. 1: 15–27. At https://doi.org/10.1080/00344890802709831.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Magaloni, Beatriz. 2006. Voting for Autocracy: Hegemonic Party Survival and Its Demise in Mexico. New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGillivray, Fiona. 2004. Privileging Industry: The Comparative Politics of Trade and Industrial Politics. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McLaughlin, Levi. 2018. Soka Gakkai’s Human Revolution: The Rise of a Mimetic Nation in Modern Japan. Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawai’i Press.Google Scholar
Mizusaki, Tokifumi, and Hiroki, Mori. 2014. “JED-M (Mizusaki, Mori) shugiin giin sosenkyo deta : dai 28-47-kai (2014-nen).” At http://id.lib.harvard.edu /alma/990142999420203941/catalog, accessed February 1, 2016.Google Scholar
Molinar, Juan, and Jeffrey, Weldon. 1994. “Electoral Determinants and Consequences of National Solidarity.” In Cornelius, Wayne A., Craig, Ann L., and Jonathan, Fox, eds., Transforming State-Society Relations in Mexico: The National Solidarity Strategy. San Diego, Calif.: Center for US-Mexican Studies, University of California, San Diego.Google Scholar
Montero, Sergio. 2016. “Going It Alone? An Empirical Study of Coalition Formation in Elections.” Working Paper. University of Rochester. At https://www.sas.rochester.edu/psc/smontero/going_it_alone.pdf, accessed November 5, 2020.Google Scholar
Moser, Robert G., and Scheiner, Ethan. 2012. Electoral Systems and Political Context: How the Effects of Rules Vary across New and Established Democracies. New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Motolinia, Lucia. 2021. “Electoral Accountability and Particularistic Legislation: Evidence from an Electoral Reform in Mexico.” American Political Science Review 115, no. 1: 1–17. At https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055420000672.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Naoi, Megumi, and Ellis, Krauss. 2009. “Who Lobbies Whom? Special Interest Politics under Alternative Electoral Systems.” American Journal of Political Science 53, no. 4: 874–92. At https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2009.00406.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nemoto, Kuniaki, and Chiahung, Tsai. 2016. “Post Allocation, List Nominations, and Preelectoral Coalitions under mmm.” In Batto, Nathan F., Chi, Huang, Tan, Alexander C., and Cox, Gary W., eds., Mixed-Member Electoral Systems in Constitutional Context: Taiwan, Japan, and Beyond. Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Nickell, Stephen. 1981. “Biases in Dynamic Models with Fixed Effects.” Econometrica 49, no. 6: 1417–26. At https://doi.org/10.2307/1911408.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parola, Pedro. 2016. “PVEM previene a sus militantes para votar por el Verde, no por el PRI.” Cuarta Plana. ΔPRIl 20. At http://cuartaplana.com/nota99.php?n=10057, accessed January 5, 2021.Google Scholar
Pekkanen, Robert, Nyblade, Benjamin, and Krauss, Ellis S.. 2006. “Electoral Incentives in Mixed-Member Systems: Party, Posts, and Zombie Politicians in Japan.” American Political Science Review 100, no. 2: 183-93. At https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055406062095.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reed, Steven R. 1986. Japanese Prefectures and Policymaking. Pittsburgh, Pa.: University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar
Reed, Steven R., and Shimizu, Kay. 2009. “Avoiding a Two-Party System: The Liberal Democratic Party versus Duverger’s Law.” In Reed, Steven R., Kenneth Mori, McElwain, and Kay Shimizu, eds., Political Change in Japan: Electoral Behavior, Party Realignment, and the Koizumi Reforms. Stanford, Calif.: Walter H. Shorenstein Asia-Pacific Research Center, Stanford University.Google Scholar
Reilly, Benjamin. 2007. “Democratization and Electoral Reform in the Asia-Pacific Region: Is There an 'Asian Model’ of Democracy?” Comparative Political Studies 40, no. 11: 1350–71. At https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414006299097.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rich, Timothy S. 2015. “Duverger’s Law in Mixed Legislative Systems: The Impact of National Electoral Rules on District Competition.” European Journal of Political Research 54, no. 1: 182–96. At https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12067.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rickard, Stephanie J. 2012. “Electoral Systems, Voters’ Interests and Geographic Dispersion.” British Journal of Political Science 42, no. 4: 855–77. At https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123412000087.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riera, Pedro. 2013. “Electoral Coordination in Mixed-Member Systems: Does the Level of Democratic Experience Matter?” European Journal of Political Research 52, no. 1: 119–41. At https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2012.02064.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodriguez-Oreggia, Eduardo, and Andres, Rodriguez-Pose. 2004. “The Regional Returns of Public Investment Policies in Mexico.” World Development 32, no. 9: 1545–62. At https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2004.05.002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saito, Jun. 2010. Jiminto Choki Seiken no Seiji Keizaigaku. Tokyo, Japan: Keiso Shobo.Google Scholar
Scheiner, Ethan. 2006. Democracy without Competition in Japan: Opposition Failure in a One-Party Dominant State. New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
SEGOB (Secretaría de Gobernación). 2018. “Declaratorias sobre emergencia, desastre y contingencia climatológica.” At https://datos.gob.mx/busca/dataset/8bf051bf-8657-423b-8bc3-a94917b160d6, accessed March 17, 2019.Google Scholar
Shugart, Matthew Soberg, and Wattenberg, Martin P.. 2003a. “Introduction: The Electoral Reform of the Twenty-First Century?” In Matthew Soberg, Shugart and Wattenberg, Martin P., eds., Mixed-Member Electoral Systems: The Best of Both Worlds? New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shugart, Matthew Soberg and Wattenberg, Martin P.. 2003b. “Mixed-Member Electoral Systems: A Definition and Typology.” In Matthew, Shugart and Martin, Wattenberg, eds., Mixed-Member Electoral Systems: The Best of Both Worlds? New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shugart, Matthew Soberg, and Wattenberg, Martin P., eds. 2003c. Mixed-Member Electoral Systems: The Best of Both Worlds? New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, Daniel Markham. 2014. “Party Ideals and Practical Constraints in Komeito Candidate Nominations.” In George, Ehrhardt, Axel, Klein, Levi, McLaughlin, and Reed, Steven R., eds., Komeito: Politics and Religion in Japan. Berkeley Calif.: Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Smith, Daniel M., and Reed, Steven R.. 2018. “The Reed-Smith Japanese House of Representatives Elections Dataset.” Harvard Dataverse, V1. At https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/QFEPXD.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spoon, Jae-Jae, and Amalia, Pulido Gómez. 2017. “Unusual Bedfellows? pri-pvem Electoral Alliances in Mexican Legislative Elections.” Journal of Politics in Latin America 9, no. 2: 63–92. At https://doiorg/10.1177/1866802X1700900203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spoon, Jae-Jae, and Amalia, Pulido Gómez. 2020. “Strategic Alliances: Red, Green, or 'Watermelon’ Candidates in Mexican Legislative Elections.” Party Politics 26, no. 6: 760–69. At https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068818809529.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stokes, Susan C. 2005. “Perverse Accountability: A Formal Model of Machine Politics with Evidence from Argentina.” American Political Science Review 99, no. 3: 315–25. At https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055405051683.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stratmann, Thomas, and Martin, Baur. 2002. “Plurality Rule, Proportional Representation, and the German Bundestag: How Incentives to Pork-Barrel Differ across Electoral Systems.” American Journal of Political Science 46, no. 3: 506–14. At https://doi.org/10.2307/3088395.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tavits, Margit. 2009. “Geographically Targeted Spending: Exploring the Electoral Strategies of Incumbent Governments.” European Political Science Review 1, no. 1: 103–23. At https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755773909000034.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thames, Frank C., and Edwards, Martin S.. 2006. “Differentiating Mixed-Member Electoral Systems: Mixed-Member Majoritarian and Mixed-Member Proportional Systems and Government Expenditures.” Comparative Political Studies 39, no. 7: 905–27. At https://doi./10.1177/0010414005282383.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Transparencia, Presupuestaria. 2018. “Recursos del Ramo 23 para Entidades Federativas y Municipios.” At https://www.transparenciapresupuestaria.gob.mx/en/PTP/EntidadesFederativas, accessed March 17, 2019.Google Scholar
Wang, T. Y., Chang Chih, Lin, and Yi, Ching Hsiao. 2016. “Split-Ticket Voting under mmm.” In Batto, Nathan F., Chi, Huang, Tan, Alexander C., and Cox, Gary W., eds., Mixed-Member Electoral Systems in Constitutional Context: Taiwan, Japan, and Beyond. Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Ward, Hugh, and Peter, John. 1999. “Targeting Benefits for Electoral Gain: Constituency Marginality and the Distribution of Grants to English Local Authorities.” Political Studies 47, no. 1: 32–52. At https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9248.00186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weldon, Jeffrey A. 2003. “The Consequences of Mexico’s Mixed-Member Electoral System, 1988-1997.” In Matthew Soberg, Shugart and Wattenberg, Martin P., eds., Mixed-Member Electoral Systems: The Best of Both Worlds? New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Yamada, Kyohei. 2018. “From a Majority to a Minority: How Municipal Mergers in Japan Changed the Distribution of Political Powers and the Allocation of Public Services within a Merged Municipality.” Urban Affairs Review 54, no. 3: 560–92. At https://doi.org/10.1177/1078087416669603.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yonhap News Agency. 2019. “Main Opposition to Set Up Satellite Party for More Proportional Representation Seats.” December 24. At https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20191224005700315, accessed December 27, 2020.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: Link

Catalinac and Motolinia Dataset

Dataset

https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/PYZXLF
Link
Supplementary material: PDF

Catalinac and Motolinia supplementary material

Catalinac and Motolinia supplementary material

Download Catalinac and Motolinia supplementary material(PDF)
PDF 351.1 KB