Acheson, Graeme G., and Turner, John D., ‘The Death Blow to Unlimited Liability in Victorian Britain: The City of Glasgow Failure’, Explorations in Economic History, 45 (2008), 235–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Acheson, Graeme G., and Turner, John D. ‘The Impact of Limited Liability on Ownership and Control: Irish Banking, 1877–1914’, The Economic History Review, 59 (2006), 320–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Acheson, Graeme G., and Turner, John D. ‘Investor Behaviour in a Nascent Capital Market: Scottish Bank Shareholders in the Nineteenth Century’, The Economic History Review, 64 (2011), 188–213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Admati, Anat R., and Hellwig, Martin, The Bankers’ New Clothes: What’s Wrong with Banking and What to Do about It (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2014).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Allen, Arthur Meredith, Cope, S. R., Dark, Leslie J. H., and Witheridge, Henry J., Commercial Banking Legislation and Control (London: Macmillan, 1938).Google Scholar

Allen, Franklin, and Gale, Douglas, Comparing Financial Systems (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000).Google Scholar

American National Biography, ‘Carey, Henry Charles (1793–1879), Economist, Publisher, and Social Scientist’, https://doi.org/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1400098 (accessed 4 May 2022).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

American National Biography ‘Lord, Eleazar (1788–1871), Financier, Railway President, and Theologian’, https://doi.org/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1001015 (accessed 4 May 2022).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Amrein, Simon, ‘Eigenmittel der Schweizer Banken im historischen Kontext’, in Krisenfeste Schweizer Banken? Die Regulierung von Eigenmitteln, Liquidität und “Too Big to Fail”, ed. Jans, Armin, Lengwiler, Christoph, and Passardi, Marco (Zurich: NZZ Libro, 2018), pp. 87–116.Google Scholar

Bagehot, Walter, Lombard Street: A Description of the Money Market (London: Henry S. King & Co., 1873).Google Scholar

Balaban, Ioan, ‘International and Multinational Banking under Bretton Woods (1945–1971): The Experience of Italian Banks’ (unpublished thesis, European University Institute, 2021), https://cadmus.eui.eu/handle/1814/69996 (accessed 22 April 2023).Google Scholar

Balaban, Ioan ‘Banking and Eurodollars in Italy in the 1950s’, Enterprise & Society, 2022, 1–25.Google Scholar

Baltensperger, Ernst, and Kugler, Peter, Swiss Monetary History Since the Early 19th Century, Studies in Macroeconomic History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bank of England, Bank of England Banking Act Report 1988/89 (London: Bank of England, 1989).Google Scholar

Bank of England Bank of England Banking Act Report 1989/90 (London: Bank of England, 1990).Google Scholar

Bank of England ‘The Capital and Liquidity Adequacy of Banks’, Quarterly Bulletin, Q3 (1975), 240–243.Google Scholar

Bank of England ‘Competition and Credit Control’, Quarterly Bulletin, Q2 (1971), 189–93.Google Scholar

Bank of England ‘The Measurement of Capital’, Quarterly Bulletin, Q3 (1980), 324–330.Google Scholar

Bank of England ‘A Millennium of Macroeconomic Data. A29. The National Debt’, 2016 www.bankofengland.co.uk/statistics/research-datasets (accessed 6 June 2018).Google Scholar

Bank of England ‘A Millennium of Macroeconomic Data. A30a. Government Debt 1727–2016’, 2016 www.bankofengland.co.uk/statistics/research-datasets (accessed 6 June 2018).Google Scholar

Bank of England ‘A Millennium of Macroeconomic Data. A47. Wages and Prices 1209–2016’, 2016 www.bankofengland.co.uk/statistics/research-datasets (accessed 6 June 2018).Google Scholar

Bank of England ‘Supervision of Banks and Other Deposit-Taking Institutions’, Quarterly Bulletin, Q2 (1978), 383–386.Google Scholar

Bank of England Act 1946, 9 & 10 Geo 6.Google Scholar

Bank Supervision Division, Bank of England, ‘Implementation of the Basle Convergence Agreement in the United Kingdom’, 1988.Google Scholar

Bank Supervision Division, Bank of England ‘Measurement of Capital’, 1986.Google Scholar

Bank Supervision Division, Bank of England ‘Subordinated Loan Capital’, 1986.Google Scholar

Banking Act 1979, C. 37, 1979.Google Scholar

Banking Act 1987, C. 22, 1987.Google Scholar

‘Banking Supplement 1916’, The Economist (London, 21 October 1916).Google Scholar

‘Banking Supplement 1921’, The Economist (London, 21 May 1921).Google Scholar

‘Banking Supplement 1923’, The Economist (London, 19 May 1923).Google Scholar

‘Banking Supplement 1940’, The Economist (London, 18 May 1940).Google Scholar

‘Banking Supplement 1941’, The Economist (London, 20 November 1941).Google Scholar

‘Banking Supplement 1945’, The Economist (London, 29 December 1945).Google Scholar

‘Banking Supplement, Various, 1861–1946’, The Economist (London, 1946).Google Scholar

Barclays Bank Capital, Banking and Banking Practice: Clearing Bank Capital (London, 10 April 1958), Bank of England Archive, C40/102.Google Scholar

Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, Amendment to the Capital Accord to Incorporate Market Risks, 1996.Google Scholar

Basel Committee on Banking Supervision Basel II: International Convergence of Capital Measurement and Capital Standards: A Revised Framework, 2004.Google Scholar

Basel Committee on Banking Supervision Basel III: Finalising Post-Crisis Reforms, 2017.Google Scholar

Basel Committee on Banking Supervision Basel III: A Global Regulatory Framework for More Resilient Banks and Banking Systems, 2010.Google Scholar

Basel Committee on Banking Supervision Basel III Leverage Ratio Framework and Disclosure Requirements, 2014.Google Scholar

Basel Committee on Banking Supervision International Convergence of Capital Measurement and Capital Standards (Basel I), 1988.Google Scholar

Basel Committee on Banking Supervision International Regulatory Framework for Banks (Basel III), 2010.Google Scholar

Basel Committee on Banking Supervision Revisions to the Basel II Market Risk Framework, 2009.Google Scholar

Battilossi, Stefano, ‘Introduction: International Banking and the American Challenge in Historical Perspective’, in European Banks and the American Challenge: Competition and Cooperation in International Banking Under Bretton Woods, ed. Cassis, Youssef and Battilossi, Stefano (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), pp. 1–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bauer, Hans, Schweizerischer Bankverein 1872–1972, ed. Schweizerischer Bankverein (Basel, 1972).Google Scholar

Baumann, Jan, ‘Bundesinterventionen in der Bankenkrise 1931–1937: Eine vergleichende Studie am Beispiel der Schweizerischen Volksbank und der Schweizerischen Diskontbank’ (unpublished doctoral dissertation; University of Zurich, 2007).Google Scholar

Becker, Wolf-Dieter, Falk, Reinhold, Breycha, Ottokar W., and Puckler, Godehard, Stille Reserven in den Jahresabschlüssen von Kreditinstituten: eine Studie über die Handhabung in den Ländern der Europäischen Gemeinschaft sowie in der Schweiz, in den USA und in Japan, ed. Peat, Marwick, Mitchell and Co., and Schriften des Verbandes öffentlicher Banken (Göttingen: O. Schwartz, 1979).Google Scholar

Berger, Allen N., Herring, Richard J., and Szegö, Giorgio P., ‘The Role of Capital in Financial Institutions’, Journal of Banking & Finance, 19 (1995), 393–430.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bernholz, Peter, ‘Die Nationalbank 1945–1982: Von der Devisenbann-Wirtschaft zur Geldmengensteuerung bei flexiblen Wechselkursen’, in Schweizerische Nationalbank, 1907–2007, ed. Schweizerische Nationalbank SNB (Zurich: Verlag Neue Zürcher Zeitung, 2007), pp. 119–211.Google Scholar

Billings, Mark, and Capie, Forrest, ‘Capital in British Banking, 1920–1970’, Business History, 49 (2007), 139–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Billings, Mark, and Capie, Forrest ‘Transparency and Financial Reporting in Mid-20th Century British Banking’, Accounting Forum, Financial Accounting: Past, Present and Future, 33 (2009), 38–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bloomberg LP, ‘Bloomberg’, 2023. Data retrieved from Bloomberg database.Google Scholar

Blunden, George, ‘The Supervision of the UK Banking System’, ed. Bank of England, Quarterly Bulletin, Q2 (1975).Google Scholar

Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, ‘Bank Holding Companies and Change in Bank Control; Capital Maintenance; Supplemental Adjusted Capital Measure’, Federal Register, 51 (1986), 3976–84.Google Scholar

Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System ‘Capital Maintenance; Revision to Capital Adequacy Guidelines’, Federal Register, 52 (1987), 9304–12.Google Scholar

Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System ‘Capital; Risk-Based Capital Guidelines’, Federal Register, 54 (1989), 4186–221.Google Scholar

Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System ‘Membership of State Banking Institutions; Bank Holding Companies and Change in Bank Control; Capital Maintenance; Rules of Procedure’, Federal Register, 50 (1985), 16057–71.Google Scholar

Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (US), Banking and Monetary Statistics, 1941–1970, 1976. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/41 (accessed 31 July 2018).Google Scholar

Bodenhorn, Howard, ‘Commercial Banks – Number and Assets: 1834–1980, Table Cj251-264’, in Historical Statistics of the United States, Earliest Times to the Present, ed. Carter, Susan B., Gartner, Scott Sigmund, Haines, Michael R., et al. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006). http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ISBN-9780511132971.Google Scholar

Bodenhorn, Howard ‘State Banks – Number, Assets, and Liabilities: 1834–1896, Table Cj149-157’, in Historical Statistics of the United States, Earliest Times to the Present, ed. Carter, Susan B., Gartner, Scott Sigmund, Haines, Michael R., et al. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006). http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ISBN-9780511132971.Google Scholar

Bollmann, Erick, Paragraphs on Banks (Philadelphia: C. & A. Conrad & co., 1811).Google Scholar

Bonhage, Barbara, Perrenoud, Marc, and Lussy, Hanspeter, Nachrichtenlose Vermögen bei Schweizer Banken: Depots, Konten und Safes von Opfern des nationalsozialistischen Regimes und Restitutionsprobleme in der Nachkriegszeit, ed. Unabhängige Expertenkommission Schweiz – Zweiter Weltkrieg (UEK) (Zurich: Chronos, 2001).Google Scholar

Bordo, Michael D., ‘The Bretton Woods International Monetary System: A Historical Overview’, in A Retrospective on the Bretton Woods System, ed. Bordo, Michael D. and Eichengreen, Barry (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993), pp. 3–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bordo, Michael D., Redish, Angela, and Rockoff, Hugh, ‘Why Didn’t Canada Have a Banking Crisis in 2008 (or in 1930, or 1907, or …)?’, The Economic History Review, 68 (2015), 218–43.Google Scholar

Bordo, Michael, and James, Harold, ‘Die Nationalbank 1907–1946: Glückliche Kindheit oder schwierige Jugend?’, in Schweizerische Nationalbank, 1907–2007, ed. Schweizerische Nationalbank SNB (Zurich: Verlag Neue Zürcher Zeitung, 2007), pp. 29–118.Google Scholar

British Bankers’ Association, Note of the Meeting between the British Bankers’ Association and the Bank of England on the Measurement of Capital, Held at the Bank of England, Committee of London Clearing Bankers. Capital and Liquidity Adequacy of Banks’ (73/3) (London, 12 September 1979), London Metropolitan Archives, CLC/B/029/MS32152B/001.Google Scholar

British Bankers’ Association Note of the Meeting between the British Bankers’ Association and the Bank of England on the Measurement of Capital, Held at the Bank of England, Committee of London Clearing Bankers. Capital and Liquidity Adequacy of Banks’ (73/3) (London, 13 November 1979), London Metropolitan Archives, CLC/B/029/MS32152B/001.Google Scholar

Bundesgesetz betreffend die Ergänzung des Schweizerischen Zivilgesetzbuches (Fünfter Teil: Obligationenrecht), (Stand am 1. April 2017), 1911.Google Scholar

Bundesgesetz über das eidgenössische Schuldbuch vom 21. September 1939, 1939.Google Scholar

Bundesgesetz über das Obligationenrecht vom 14. Juni 1881, 1883.Google Scholar

Bundesgesetz über die Ausgabe und die Einlösung von Banknoten vom 8. März 1881, 1883.Google Scholar

Bundesgesetz über die Banken und Sparkassen, 1994.Google Scholar

Bundesgesetz über die Banken und Sparkassen vom 8. November 1934, 1934.Google Scholar

Bundesgesetz über die Banken und Sparkassen vom 11. März 1971, 1971.Google Scholar

Bundesrat, , ‘Botschaft des Bundesrates an die Bundesversammlung betreffend den Entwurf eines Bundesgesetzes über die Banken und Sparkassen vom 2. Februar 1934’, Bundesblatt, 1 (1934), 171–224.Google Scholar

Bundesrat, ‘Botschaft des Bundesrates an die Bundesversammlung über die Revision des Bankgesetzes’, Bundesblatt, 10570, 1 (1970), 1144–203.Google Scholar

Bundesrat, ‘Botschaft des Bundesrates an die Bundesversammlung zum Entwurf eines dringlichen Bundesbeschlusses über die Bewilligungspflicht für ausländisch beherrschte Banken’, Bundesblatt, 2 (1968), 756–71.Google Scholar

Capie, Forrest, The Bank of England: 1950s to 1979, Studies in Macroeconomic History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Capie, Forrest, and Billings, Mark, ‘Profitability in English Banking in the Twentieth Century’, European Review of Economic History, 5 (2001), 367–401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Capie, Forrest, and Edward Wood, Geoffrey, Banking Theory, 1870–1930, History of Banking and Finance (New York: Routledge, 1999).Google Scholar

Carey, Henry Charles, Principles of Social Science, Volume 2 (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co., 1860).Google Scholar

Carey, Mathew, Essays on Banking (Reprint), ed. Krooss, Herman E (Clifton: Kelley, 1972).Google Scholar

Cassis, Youssef, Capitals of Capital: A History of International Financial Centres 1780–2005 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cassis, Youssef ‘Commercial Banks in the 20th-Century Switzerland’, in The Evolution of Financial Institutions and Markets in Twentieth-Century Europe, ed. Cassis, Youssef, Feldman, Gerald D., and Olsson, Ulf (Aldershot: Scolar Press, 1995), pp. 64–77.Google Scholar

Cassis, Youssef Crises and Opportunities (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cassis, Youssef ‘International Financial Centres’, in The Oxford Handbook of Banking and Financial History, ed. Cassis, Youssef, Grossman, Richard S., and Schenk, Catherine R., Oxford Handbooks (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016), pp. 293–318.Google Scholar

Cassis, Youssef ‘Introduction: The Weight of Finance in European Societies’, in Finance and Financiers in European History, 1880–1960, ed. Cassis, Youssef (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), pp. 1–13.Google Scholar

Catterall, Ralph Charles Henry, The Second Bank of the United States (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1903).Google Scholar

Checkland, Sydney George, Scottish Banking: A History, 1695–1973 (Glasgow: Collins, 1975).Google Scholar

Clearing Banks – Capital Increases, Internal Note, Banking and Banking Practice: Clearing Bank Capital (London, 5 November 1959), Bank of England Archive, C40/102.Google Scholar

Clearing Banks’ Capital, Banking and Banking Practice: Clearing Bank Capital (London, 6 February 1959), Bank of England Archive, C40/102.Google Scholar

Clement, Piet, ‘The Missing Link: International Banking Supervision in the Archives of the BIS’, in State and Financial Systems in Europe and the USA: Historical Perspectives on Regulation and Supervision in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, ed. Battilossi, Stefano and Reis, Jaime (Farnham/Burlington: EABH/Ashgate, 2010), pp. 167–75.Google Scholar

Cleveland, Harold Van B., and Huertas, Thomas F., Citibank 1812–1970 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1985).Google Scholar

Cochrane, John H., ‘The Grumpy Economist: Equity-Financed Banking’, The Grumpy Economist, 2016 http://johnhcochrane.blogspot.com/2016/05/equity-financed-banking.html (accessed 22 February 2017).Google Scholar

Commission of the European Communities, Advisory Committee on Banking Coordination, Notice on the Calculation of Observation Ratios for Assessing Bank Solvency, Committee of London Clearing Bankers. Capital and Liquidity Adequacy of Banks’ (London, 1 May 1980), London Metropolitan Archives, CLC/B/029/MS32152B/004.Google Scholar

Committee of London Clearing Bankers, ed., The London Clearing Banks: Evidence by the Committee of London Clearing Bankers to the Committee to Review the Functioning of Financial Institutions (London: Committee of London Clearing Bankers, distributed by Longman, 1978).Google Scholar

Committee of the London Clearing Bankers Minute Book 1946–1954, British Bankers’ Association (London, 7 November 1946), London Metropolitan Archives, CLC/B/029/MS32006/009.Google Scholar

Committee on Bank Amalgamations, ‘Report of the Treasury Committee on Bank Amalgamations. Treasury Minute Dated 11th March 1918’, 1918, The National Archives, T 1/12325/20697.Google Scholar

Committee on Finance and Industry (Macmillan Committee), ‘Committee on Finance and Industry (Macmillan Committee): Report of Committee’, 1931, The National Archives, T 200/7.Google Scholar

Committee on the Working of the Monetary System (Radcliffe Committee), Committee on the Working of the Monetary System: Report of Committee (London: Her Majesty’s Stationary Office, 1960).Google Scholar

Committee Set up to Consider the System of Banking Supervision, Report of the Committee Set up to Consider the System of Banking Supervision, Cmnd. 9550 (London: Her Majesty’s Stationary Office, 1985).Google Scholar

Committee to Review the Functioning of Financial Institutions (Wilson Committee), Committee to Review the Functioning of Financial Institutions, Cmnd. 7937 (London: Her Majesty’s Stationary Office, 1980).Google Scholar

Companies Act 1948, 1948, c. 38.Google Scholar

Companies Act 1967, 1967, c. 81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cooke, Helen J. Mellon, ‘Significance of Bank Capital Ratios’, Journal of Political Economy, 57 (1949), 75–7.Google Scholar

Cooke, Peter W., ‘Self-Regulation and Statute – the Evolution of Banking Supervision’, in UK Banking Supervision, ed. Gardener, Edward P.M. (London: Allen & Unwin, 1986), pp. 85–98.Google Scholar

Council of the European Communities, Council Directive 89/299/EEC of 17 April 1989 on the Own Funds of Credit Institutions, 89/299/EEC, 1989.Google Scholar

Council of the European Communities Council Directive 89/647/EEC of 18 December 1989 on a Solvency Ratio for Credit Institutions, 89/647/EEC, 1989.Google Scholar

Council of the European Communities First Council Directive on the Coordination of Laws, Regulations and Administrative Provisions Relating to the Taking up and Pursuit of the Business of Credit Institutions, 1977.Google Scholar

Council of the European Communities Second Council Directive 89/646/EEC of 15 December 1989 on the Coordination of Laws, Regulations and Administrative Provisions Relating to the Taking up and Pursuit of the Business of Credit Institutions, 89/646/EE, 1989.Google Scholar

Country Bankers Act, 1826, c. 46.Google Scholar

Credit Suisse, Annual Report 2006 (Zurich, 2007).Google Scholar

Crosse, Howard D., Management Policies for Commercial Banks (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1962).Google Scholar

Curry, Timothy, ‘The LDC Debt Crisis’, in An Examination of the Banking Crises of the 1980s and Early 1990s, ed. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, 1997, pp. 191–210.Google Scholar

Daily Express, ‘Money Trusts and Public Policy’ (4 February 1918), London: The National Archives, T 1/12431/52485.Google Scholar

David, Thomas, Ginalski, Stéphanie, Mach, André, and Rebmann, Frédéric, ‘Networks of Coordination: Swiss Business Associations as an Intermediary between Business, Politics and Administration during the 20th Century’, Business and Politics, 11 (2009), 1–38.Google Scholar

Davison, Lee, ‘Banking Legislation and Regulation’, in An Examination of the Banking Crises of the 1980s and Early 1990s, ed. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, 1997), pp. 87–136.Google Scholar

Deutsche Bundesbank, ‘Deutsche Bundesbank – Statistics (Table BBK01.OU0322; BBK01.OU0308)’, 2022 www.bundesbank.de/de/statistiken (accessed 21 February 2022).Google Scholar

Deutsche Bundesbank Deutsches Geld- und Bankwesen in Zahlen, 1876–1975 (Frankfurt am Main: Knapp, 1976).Google Scholar

Deutsche Bundesbank ‘Die Kapitalertragsbilanz Der Bundesrepublik Im Aussenwirtschaftsverkehr’, 1971 www.bundesbank.de/resource/blob/690748/8e5a5e61e9bbcdafe9cfc59122c559bb/mL/1971-03-monatsbericht-data.pdf.Google Scholar

Dewey, Davis R., State Banking Before the Civil War, Congressional Documents (Government Printing Office, 1910).Google Scholar

Diamond, Douglas W., and Dybvig, Philip H., ‘Bank Runs, Deposit Insurance, and Liquidity’, Journal of Political Economy, 91 (1983), 401–19.Google Scholar

Domett, Henry Williams, A History of the Bank of New York, 1784–1884: Compiled from Official Records and Other Sources at the Request of the Directors, 4th ed. (Cambridge, MA: The Riverside Press, 1922).Google Scholar

Drach, Alexis, Liberté surveillée: supervision bancaire et globalisation financière au Comité de Bâle, 1974–1988, Histoire (Rennes: Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2022).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Drach, Alexis Liberté surveillée: Supervision bancaire et globalisation financière au Comité de Bâle, 1974–1988 (Florence: European University Institute, 2016).Google Scholar

Dun, John, British Banking Statistics: With Remarks on the Bullion Reserve and Non-Legal-Tender Note Circulation of the United Kingdom (London: E. Stanford, 1876).Google Scholar

Dunbar, Charles F., Chapters on Banking (Cambridge, 1885).Google Scholar

Dunbar, Charles F. Theory and History of Banking (New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1891).Google Scholar

ECB Statistical Data Warehouse (Series T00/L60)’ https://sdw.ecb.europa.eu/home.do (accessed 28 February 2022).Google Scholar

Ehlen, James G., ‘A Review of Bank Capital and Its Adequacy’, Economic Review, Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, 54 (1983), 54–60.Google Scholar

Eichengreen, Barry, Globalizing Capital: A History of the International Monetary System (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998).Google Scholar

Eidgenössische Bankenkommission, Anrechnung stiller Reserven als eigene Mittel (Bern, 1966), Swiss Federal Archives, E6520A#1983/50#49*.Google Scholar

Eidgenössische Bankenkommission Anrechnung stiller Reserven als eigene Mittel. Notiz betr. die Anrechnung stiller Reserven als eigene Mittel vom 11.12.1963 (Bern, 11 December 1963), Swiss Federal Archives, E6520A#1983/50#49*.Google Scholar

Eidgenössische Bankenkommission ‘Basel II Umsetzung in der Schweiz. Erläuterungsbericht der Eidg. Bankenkommission’, 2005.Google Scholar

Eidgenössische Bankenkommission Circular, 1961.Google Scholar

Eidgenössische Bankenkommission Circular, 1968.Google Scholar

Eidgenössische Bankenkommission Circular, 1990.Google Scholar

Eidgenössische Bankenkommission Eigene Mittel der Grossbanken. Notiz an Mitglieder der Eidg. Bankenkommission (Bern, 21 March 1963), Swiss Federal Archives, E6520A#1983/50#48*.Google Scholar

Eidgenössische Bankenkommission Geschäftsbericht der Eidgenössischen Bankenkommission an den Bundesrat für das Jahr 1939 (Bern, 25 April 1940), Swiss Federal Archives, E6520A#1983/50#62*.Google Scholar

Eidgenössische Bankenkommission Geschäftsbericht der Eidgenössischen Bankenkommission an den Bundesrat für das Jahr 1943 (Bern, 14 February 1944), Swiss Federal Archives, E6520A#1983/50#62*.Google Scholar

Eidgenössische Bankenkommission Geschäftsbericht der Eidgenössischen Bankenkommission an den Bundesrat für das Jahr 1946 (Bern, 30 April 1947), Swiss Federal Archives, E6520A#1983/50#62*.Google Scholar

Eidgenössische Bankenkommission Geschäftsbericht der Eidgenössischen Bankenkommission an den Bundesrat für das Jahr 1959 (Bern, 1960), Swiss Federal Archives, E6520A#1983/50#62*.Google Scholar

Eidgenössische Bankenkommission Jahresbericht 1978 der Eidgenössischen Bankenkommission (Bern, April 1979).Google Scholar

Eidgenössische Bankenkommission Jahresbericht 1980 der Eidgenössischen Bankenkommission (Bern, April 1981).Google Scholar

Eidgenössische Bankenkommission Jahresbericht 1984 der Eidgenössischen Bankenkommission (Bern, April 1985).Google Scholar

Eidgenössische Bankenkommission Jahresbericht 1997 der Eidgenössischen Bankenkommission (Bern, April 1998).Google Scholar

Eidgenössische Bankenkommission Verhandlungen der Eidgenössichen Bankenkommission vom 29. April, 1963 (Bern, 29 April 1963), Swiss Federal Archives, E6520A#1983/50#49*.Google Scholar

Eidgenössische Bankenkommission Vorschriften über eigene Mittel. Protokoll der Sitzung vom 20. Januar 1958 zwischen Bankenkommission und Vertretern der Banken (Bern, 20 January 1958), Swiss Federal Archives, E6520A#1983/50#48*.Google Scholar

Eidgenössische Finanzmarktaufsicht FINMA, Jahresbericht 2009 (2010).Google Scholar

Eidgenössisches Finanz- und Zolldepartement, Bericht über die statistischen Grundlagen für die Aufstellung von Ausführungsbestimmungen zu Art. 10 des Entwurfes zu einem Bundesgesetz über die Banken und Sparkassen vom 2. Februar 1934 (Bern, 2 February 1934), Swiss Federal Archives, E6520A#1000/1059#5*.Google Scholar

Erb, Rudolf, Die Stellungnahme der schweizerischen Grossbanken zu den bank- und währungspolitischen Problemen der Kriegs- und Nachkriegszeit (Zurich: A.-G. Gebr. Leemann & Co, 1931).Google Scholar

Esslinger, Martin, Geschichte der Schweizerischen Kreditanstalt während der ersten 50 Jahre ihres Bestehens (Zurich: Orell Füssli, 1907).Google Scholar

Esty, Benjamin C., ‘The Impact of Contingent Liability on Commercial Bank Risk Taking’, Journal of Financial Economics, 1998, 189.Google Scholar

Exchange Control Act 1947, 1947, c. 14.Google Scholar

Farquet, Christophe, Histoire du paradis fiscal suisse (Paris: SciencesPo les presses, 2018).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Farquet, Christophe ‘Quantification and Revolution: An Investigation of German Capital Flight after the First World War’, EHES Working Paper, 2019.Google Scholar

FDIC, ‘Annual Report of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation 1934’, 1935.Google Scholar

FDIC ‘Annual Report of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation 1935’, 1936.Google Scholar

FDIC ‘Annual Report of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation 1936’, 1937.Google Scholar

FDIC ‘Annual Report of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation 1937’, 1938.Google Scholar

FDIC ‘Annual Report of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation 1938’, 1939.Google Scholar

FDIC ‘Annual Report of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation 1942’, 1943.Google Scholar

FDIC ‘Annual Report of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation 1945’, 1946.Google Scholar

FDIC ‘Annual Report of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation 1951’, 1951.Google Scholar

FDIC ‘Annual Report of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation 1970’, 1971.Google Scholar

FDIC ‘Annual Reports of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation 1966–1979’, 1980.Google Scholar

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, ‘BankFind Suite: Find Institution Financial & Regulatory Data’. https://banks.data.fdic.gov/bankfind-suite/financialreporting (accessed 11 April 2022).Google Scholar

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ‘Capital Maintenance’, Federal Register, 50 (1985), 11128–43.Google Scholar

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ‘Capital Maintenance’, Federal Register, 51 (1986), 6126–32.Google Scholar

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ‘Capital Maintenance; Final Statement of Policy on Risk-Based Capital’, Federal Register, 54 (1989), 11500.Google Scholar

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ‘Capital Maintenance; Risk-Based Capital Proposal’, Federal Register, 52 (1987), 11476–92.Google Scholar

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ‘Historical Bank Data’, 2017. www2.fdic.gov/hsob/index.asp (accessed 21 February 2017).Google Scholar

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ‘Statement on Policy of Capital Adequacy’, Federal Register, 46 (1981), 62693–4.Google Scholar

Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council, Annual Report 1979 (Washington, DC, 1980).Google Scholar

Federal Financial Institutions Examination CouncilAnnual Report 1980 (Washington, DC, 1981).Google Scholar

Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council‘Proposed Definition of Bank Capital To Be Used in Determining Capital Adequacy’, Federal Register, 46 (1981), 32498–500.Google Scholar

Federal Reserve, ‘Annual Report of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System 1943’, 1943.Google Scholar

Federal Reserve Annual Report of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System 1946’, 1946.Google Scholar

Federal Reserve ‘Annual Report of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System 1970’, 1971.Google Scholar

Federal Reserve ‘Annual Report of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System 1976’, 1977.Google Scholar

Federal Reserve ‘Annual Report of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System 1983’, 1984.Google Scholar

First Nat. Bank, Bellaire v. Comp. of Currency, 697 F 2.d 674, 1983.Google Scholar

Fisher, Irving, The Theory of Interest: As Determined by Impatience to Spend Income and Opportunity to Invest It (New York: Macmillan, 1930).Google Scholar

FitchSolutions, , ‘FitchConnect’, 2023 https://app.fitchconnect.com.Google Scholar

Friedman, Milton, and Schwartz, Anna J., A Monetary History of the United States 1867–1960, Studies in Business Cycles; No. 12 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1963).Google Scholar

Gallatin, Albert, Considerations on the Currency and Banking (Philadelphia: Carey and Lea, 1831).Google Scholar

Gardener, Edward P.M., ‘Supervision in the United Kingdom’, in UK Banking Supervision, ed. Gardener, Edward P.M. (London: Allen & Unwin, 1986), pp. 70–81.Google Scholar

Giddey, Thibaud, ‘The Regulation of Foreign Banks in Switzerland (1956–1972)’, Foreign Financial Institutions & National Financial Systems, The European Association for Banking and Financial History, 2013, 449–85.Google Scholar

Gilbart, James William, A Practical Treatise on Banking (London: Effingham Wilson, 1827).Google Scholar

Gilbart, James William A Record of the Proceedings of the London and Westminster Bank, during the First Thirteen Years of Its Existence with Portraits of Its Principal Officers (London: R. Clay, Bread Street Hill, 1847).Google Scholar

Gilbart, James William The History and Principles of Banking (London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longman, 1834).Google Scholar

Gilbart, James William The History of Banking in America (London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longman, 1837).Google Scholar

Gilbart, James William The Principles and Practice of Banking (London: George Bell & Sons, 1873).Google Scholar

Goodhart, Charles A. E., ‘Financial Supervision from an Historical Perspctive: Was the Development of Such Supervision Designed, or Largely Accidental?’, in The Structure of Financial Regulation, ed. Goodhart, Charles A. E., Mayes, David G, and Wood, Geoffrey E., Routledge International Studies in Money and Banking (London: Routledge, 2007), pp. 43–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Goodhart, Charles A. E. ‘Lessons for Monetary Policy from the Euro-Area Crisis’, Journal of Macroeconomics, 39 (2014), 378–82.Google Scholar

Goodhart, Charles A. E. The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision: A History of the Early Years, 1974–1997 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gouge, William M, A Short History of Paper Money and Banking in the United States (Philadelphia: Ustick, 1833).Google Scholar

Grady, Henry Francis, British War Finance: 1914–1919 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1927).Google Scholar

Gregory, Theodor Emanuel, The Westminster Bank Through a Century, Volume 1 (London: Oxford University Press, H. Milford, 1936).Google Scholar

Gregory, Theodor Emanuel The Westminster Bank Through a Century, Volume 2 (London: Oxford University Press, H. Milford, 1936).Google Scholar

Grossman, Richard S., ‘Double Liability and Bank Risk Taking’, Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 33 (2001), 143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Grossman, Richard S. ‘Fear and Greed: The Evolution of Double Liability in American Banking, 1865–1930’, Explorations in Economic History, 44 (2007), 59–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Grossman, Richard S. ‘Other People’s Money: The Evolution of Bank Capital in the Industrialized World’, in The New Comparative Economic History: Essays in Honor of Jeffrey G. Williamson, ed. Williamson, Jeffrey G, Hatton, T. J, O’Rourke, Kevin H., and Taylor, Alan M (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2007).Google Scholar

Grossman, Richard S. Unsettled Account: The Evolution of Banking in the Industrialized World since 1800, Princeton Economic History of the Western World (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2010), pp. 141–164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Grossman, Richard S., and Imai, Masami, ‘Contingent Capital and Bank Risk-Taking among British Banks before the First World War’, Economic History Review, 66 (2013), 132–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Guex, Sébastien, La politique monétaire et financière de la Confédération suisse: 1900–1920 (Lausanne: Payot, 1993).Google Scholar

Guex, Sébastien ‘The Origins of the Swiss Banking Secrecy Law and Its Repercussions for Swiss Federal Policy’, Business History Review, 2000, 237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Halbeisen, Patrick, and Straumann, Tobias, ‘Die Wirtschaftspolitik im internationalen Kontext’, in Wirtschaftsgeschichte der Schweiz im 20. Jahrhundert, ed. Halbeisen, Patrick, Müller, Margrit, and Veyrassat, Béatrice (Basel: Schwabe Verlag, 2012), pp. 983–1075.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Haldane, Andrew G., and Madouros, Vasileios, ‘The Dog and the Frisbee’. Speech Presented at the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City’s Jackson Hole Economic Policy Symposium, 2012.Google Scholar

Handels- und Gewerbe-Zeitung, ‘Die grossen Unternehmungen der Westschweiz’, Handels- und Gewerbe-Zeitung (Zurich, 26 April 1856), pp. 189–90.Google Scholar

Harris, George Taylor, The Capital Structure in American Banking, Dissertation (The University of Iowa, 1953).Google Scholar

Howson, Susan, British Monetary Policy 1945–51 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993).Google Scholar

Howson, Susan Domestic Monetary Management in Britain: 1919–38, Occasional Paper. University of Cambridge, Department of Applied Economics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975).Google Scholar

HSBC Holdings PLC, Annual Report 2006 (London, 2007).Google Scholar

HSSO, ‘Historische Statistik der Schweiz Online, Tab. H.39.’, 2012. www.hsso.ch/2012/h/39.Google Scholar

HSSO ‘Historische Statistik der Schweiz Online, Tab. Q.6a.’, 2012. www.hsso.ch/2012/q/6a.Google Scholar

HSSO ‘Historische Statistik der Schweiz Online, Tab. Q.16a.’, 2012. www.hsso.ch/2012/q/16a.Google Scholar

HSSO ‘Historische Statistik der Schweiz Online, Tab. U.45.’, 2012. www.hsso.ch/2012/u/45.Google Scholar

Hübner, Otto, Die Banken (Leipzig: Verlag von Heinrich Hübner, 1854).Google Scholar

Hügi, Werner, Ökonomische Eigenarten im schweizerischen Bankgewerbe (Bern: P. Haupt, 1927).Google Scholar

Hürlimann, Katja, ‘Jöhr, Adolf’, Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz – Dictionnaire historique de la Suisse – Dizionario storico della Svizzera (Bern). www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D46271.php (accessed 30 April 2019).Google Scholar

Husy, Thomas, Die eigenen Mittel der schweizerischen Banken, Betriebswirtschaftliche Studien (St. Gallen: Fehr, 1946).Google Scholar

Iklé, Max, Die Schweiz als internationaler Bank- und Finanzplatz (Zurich: Orell Füssli, 1970).Google Scholar

Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1970, C. 10.Google Scholar

Institute of Bankers, Journal of the Institute of Bankers, XXXIII (London: Blades, East & Blades, 1912).Google Scholar

Institute of International Finance, New York University, ‘Problems of Capital-Deposit Ratio’, The Bankers Magazine, 1940, 537–38Google Scholar

Internal Note by the Chief Cashier – Secret, Banking and Banking Practice: Clearing Bank Capital (London, 21 March 1961), Bank of England Archive, C40/102Google Scholar

James, Harold, Making a Modern Central Bank: The Bank of England 1979–2003, Studies in Macroeconomic History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020) .CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jöhr, Adolf, Die schweizerischen Grossbanken und Privatbankiers (Zurich: Polygraphischer Verlag, 1940).Google Scholar

Jöhr, Adolf Die Schweizerischen Notenbanken: 1826–1913 (Zurich: Orell Füssli, 1915).Google Scholar

Jöhr, Adolf Letter from Credit Suisse’s General Manager Dr. Adolf Jöhr to the Director of the Department of Finance (Zurich, 26 December 1933), Swiss Federal Archives, E6520A#1000/1059#5*.Google Scholar

Jöhr, Walter Adolf, Schweizerische Kreditanstalt: 1856–1956 (Zurich: Schweizerische Kreditanstalt, 1956).Google Scholar

Joplin, Thomas, An Essay on the General Principles and Present Practice of Banking in England and Scotland, 2nd ed. (Newcastle upon Tyne: E. Walker, 1822).Google Scholar

Jordà, Òscar, Richter, Björn, Schularick, Moritz H. P., and Taylor, Alan M., ‘Bank Capital before and after Financial Crises’, in Leveraged the New Economics of Debt and Financial Fragility, ed. Schularick, Moritz (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2022), pp. 116–33.Google Scholar

Jordà, Òscar, Richter, Björn, Schularick, Moritz, and Taylor, Alan M., Bank Capital Redux: Solvency, Liquidity, and Crisis (National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2017) www.nber.org/papers/w23287.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jost, Hans Ulrich, Politik und Wirtschaft im Krieg: die Schweiz 1938–1948 (Zurich: Chronos, 2016).Google Scholar

Jung, Joseph, Von der Schweizerischen Kreditanstalt zur Credit Suisse Group: eine Bankengeschichte (Zurich: NZZ Verlag, 2000).Google Scholar

Kapstein, Ethan B., ‘Architects of Stability? International Cooperation among Financial Supervisors’, BIS Working Papers, 2006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kapstein, Ethan B. Governing the Global Economy: International Finance and the State (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1994).Google Scholar

Kapstein, Ethan B. ‘Resolving the Regulator’s Dilemma: International Coordination of Banking Regulations’, International Organization, 43 (1989), 323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kleinewefers, Henner, Das Auslandsgeschäft der Schweizer Banken, Schriften zum Bankenwesen (Zurich: Schuthess, 1972).Google Scholar

Knies, Karl, Geld und Credit (Berlin: Weidmann, 1879).Google Scholar

Kobrak, Christopher, and Troege, Michael, ‘From Basel to Bailouts: Forty Years of International Attempts to Bolster Bank Safety’, Financial History Review, 22 (2015), 133–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

König, Peter, ‘Der Anteil der Lebensversicherungsgesellschaften an der Finanzierung des Geldbedarfes des Bundes 1939–1945’, Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Volkswirtschaft und Statistik, 1947, 560–9.Google Scholar

Korajczyk, Robert A., Lucas, Deborah J., and McDonald, Robert L., ‘Equity Issues with Time-Varying Asymmetric Information’, The Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 27 (1992), 397–417.Google Scholar

Körnert, Jan, ‘Liquiditäts- oder Solvabilitätsnormen für Banken? Zu den Anfängen eines Paradigmenwechsels und zur Einführung von Solvabilitätsnormen zwischen 1850 und 1934’, VSWG: Vierteljahrschrift für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte, 99 (2012), 171–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kraus, Alan, and Litzenberger, Robert H., ‘A State-Preference Model of Optimal Financial Leverage’, The Journal of Finance, 28 (1973), 911–22.Google Scholar

Kunze, Walzer, Schippel, Hans, and Schoele, Otto, Die deutsche Bankwirtschaft: Ein Schulungs- und Nachschlagewerk für das deutsche Geld- und Kreditwesen (Berlin: Verlag der Betriebswirt, 1935).Google Scholar

Kurz, Hermann, Die schweizerischen Grossbanken: Ihre Geschäftstätigkeit und wirtschaftliche Bedeutung (Zurich: Orell Füssli, 1928).Google Scholar

Landmann, Julius, Entwurf eines Bundesgesetzes: betreffend den Betrieb und die Beaufsichtigung von Bankenunternehmungen nebst Motivenbericht (Bern: Schweizerisches Volkswirtschaftsdokument, 1916).Google Scholar

Langer, Marie-Astrid, and Rasch, Michael, ‘Interview with Eugene Fama – Banken brauchen mindestens 25 Prozent Eigenkapital’, Neue Zürcher Zeitung, 9 November 2013.Google Scholar

Law, John, Money and Trade Considered (Edinburgh, 1705).Google Scholar

Leaf, Walter, Banking (London: Williams & Norgate Ltd., 1927).Google Scholar

‘Letter by Paul Volcker to Timothy Wirth, Chairman Subcommittee on Telecommunications, Consumer Protection, and Finance, House of Representatives’, in Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Telecommunications, Consumer Protection, and Finance, 99th Congress, First Session on H.R. 2032, 99–38 (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1985), pp. 461–68.Google Scholar

Letter from Barclays Chairman to Governor of the Bank of England, Banking and Banking Practice: Clearing Bank Capital (London, 12 February 1959), Bank of England Archive, C40/102.Google Scholar

Letter from the President of the Association of Swiss Cantonal Banks to Minister of Finance (Basel, 14 October 1933), Swiss Federal Archives, E6520A#1000/1059#23*.Google Scholar

Lidbury, Charles, ‘Internal Note’, 1934, Archive of the Royal Bank of Scotland, Edinburgh, WES/1174/206.Google Scholar

Liikanen, Erkki, Bänziger, Hugo, Manuel Campa, José, et al., ‘High-Level Expert Group on Reforming the Structure of the EU Banking Sector – Final Report’, 2012.Google Scholar

Linder, Albert, Die schweizerischen Grossbanken, Beiträge zur schweizerischen Wirtschaftskunde (Bern: Stämpfli & Cie, 1927).Google Scholar

Lindert, Peter H, and Sutch, Richard, ‘Consumer Price Indexes, for All Items: 1774–2003, Table Cc1-2’, in Historical Statistics of the United States, Earliest Times to the Present, ed. Carter, Susan B., Sigmund, Scott Gartner, Michael Haines, R, et al. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006) http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ISBN-9780511132971.Google Scholar

Lloyds Bank Limited, Banking and Banking Practice: Clearing Bank Capital (London, 18 April 1962), Bank of England Archive, C40/102.Google Scholar

Lloyds TSB Group, Annual Report 2006 (London, 2007).Google Scholar

London Clearing Banks’ Capital, Internal Note, Banking and Banking Practice: Clearing Bank Capital (London, 8 October 1958), Bank of England Archive, C40/102.Google Scholar

London Clearing Banks’ Capital, Internal Note by the Chief Cashier, Banking and Banking Practice: Clearing Bank Capital (London, 13 October 1958), Bank of England Archive, C40/102.Google Scholar

Lord, Eleazar, Principles of Currency and Banking (New York: G. & C. & H. Carvill, 1829).Google Scholar

Lucas, Deborah J., and McDonald, Robert L., ‘Equity Issues and Stock Price Dynamics’, The Journal of Finance, 45 (1990), 1019–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Macey, Johnathan R. and Miller, Geoffrey P., ‘Double Liability of Bank Shareholders: History and Implications’, Wake Forest Law Review, 27 (1992).Google Scholar

Marquis, Ralph W., and Smith, Frank P., ‘Double Liability for Bank Stock’, The American Economic Review, 27 (1937), 490–502.Google Scholar

Martins Bank, Banking and Banking Practice: Clearing Bank Capital (London, 5 December 1958), Bank of England Archive, C40/102.Google Scholar

Mazbouri, Malik, ‘A Retrospective Illusion? Reflections on the “Longevity” of Swiss Big Banks 1850-2000’, in Immortal Banks: Strategies, Structures and Performances of Major Banks, ed. Lescure, Michel (Genève: Librairie Droz, 2016), pp. 231–51.Google Scholar

Mazbouri, Malik, Guex, Sébastien, and Lopez, Rodrigo, ‘Finanzplatz Schweiz’, in Wirtschaftsgeschichte der Schweiz im 20. Jahrhundert, ed. Halbeisen, Patrick, Müller, Margrit, and Veyrassat, Béatrice (Basel: Schwabe Verlag, 2012), pp. 468–518.Google Scholar

Mazbouri, Malik, and Perrenoud, Marc, ‘Banques suisses et guerres mondiales’, in Kriegswirtschaft und Wirtschaftskriege, ed. Groebner, Valentin and Guex, Sébastien (Zurich: Chronos, 2008), pp. 233–53.Google Scholar

McVickar, William A., The Life of the Reverend John McVickar (New York/Cambridge, MA: Hurd and Houghton/Riverside Press, 1872).Google Scholar

Michie, Ranald Cattanach, British Banking: Continuity and Change from 1694 to the Present (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Miller, Harry E., Banking Theories in the United States before 1860 (A. M. Kelley; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1927).Google Scholar

Miller, Merton H., ‘Debt and Taxes’, The Journal of Finance, 1977, 261–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Modigliani, Franco, and Miller, Merton H., ‘Corporate Income Taxes and the Cost of Capital: A Correction’, The American Economic Review, 1963, 433–43.Google Scholar

Modigliani, Franco, and Miller, Merton H. ‘The Cost of Capital, Corporation Finance and the Theory of Investment’, The American Economic Review, 1958, 261–97.Google Scholar

Morgan, E. Victor, Studies in British Financial Policy, 1914–25 (London: Macmillan, 1952).Google Scholar

Morison, Ian, Tillet, Paul, and Welch, Jane, Banking Act 1979 (London: Butterworths & Co., 1979).Google Scholar

Mottram, Ralph Hale, The Westminster Bank, 1836–1936 (London: Westminster Bank, 1936).Google Scholar

Moulton, Harold G., ‘Commercial Banking and Capital Formation: III’, Journal of Political Economy, 26 (1918), 484–508.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Müller, Bernhard, ‘Die Entwicklung der Bankenaufsicht in der Schweiz’, Schweizerische Aktiengesellschaft: Zeitschrift für Handels- und Wirtschaftsrecht, 1 (1977), 1–13.Google Scholar

Myers, Stewart C., and Majluf, Nicholas S., ‘Corporate Financing and Investment Decisions When Firms Have Information That Investors Do Not Have’, Journal of Financial Economics, 13 (1984), 187–221.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Naef, Alain, An Exchange Rate History of the United Kingdom: 1945–1992, Studies in Macroeconomic History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

National Banking Act, 1864.Google Scholar

Neue Zürcher Zeitung, ‘Das schweizerische Bankwesen im Jahre 1961’ (Zurich, 15 January 1963).Google Scholar

Neue Zürcher Zeitung ‘Generalversammlung der Schweizerischen Bankgesellschaft’ (Zurich, 9 March 1963).Google Scholar

Neue Zürcher Zeitung ‘Keine Revision des Bankengesetzes: Eine neue Vollziehungsverordnung’, Abendausgabe Nr. 3162 (Zurich, 30 August 1961).Google Scholar

Neue Zürcher Zeitung ‘Schweizerische Volksbank, Delegiertenversammlung’ (Zurich, 24 February 1947), section Handelsteil, p. 3.Google Scholar

Neue Zürcher Zeitung ‘Schweizerischer Bankverein’ (Zurich, 24 February 1959).Google Scholar

Nevins, Allan, History of the Bank of New York and Trust Company, 1784 to 1934 (New York: Bank of New York and Trust Company, 1934).Google Scholar

Oatley, Thomas, and Nabors, Robert, ‘Redistributive Cooperation: Market Failure, Wealth Transfers, and the Basle Accord’, International Organization, 1998, 35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Obst, Georg, Banken und Bankpolitik (Leipzig: Verlag von Carl Ernst Poeschel, 1909).Google Scholar

OECD, Income Statement and Balance Sheet Statistics (Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 13 April 2010). www.oecd-ilibrary.org/content/data/data-00270-en (accessed 8 December 2015).Google Scholar

Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, ‘Annual Report of the Comptroller of the Currency 1914’, 1914.Google Scholar

Office of the Comptroller of the Currency ‘Annual Report of the Comptroller of the Currency 1931’, 1932.Google Scholar

Office of the Comptroller of the Currency ‘Annual Report of the Comptroller of the Currency 1939’, 1940.Google Scholar

Office of the Comptroller of the Currency ‘Annual Report of the Comptroller of the Currency 1944’, 1945.Google Scholar

Office of the Comptroller of the Currency ‘Annual Report of the Comptroller of the Currency 1945’, 1946.Google Scholar

Office of the Comptroller of the Currency ‘Annual Report of the Comptroller of the Currency 1948’, 1949.Google Scholar

Office of the Comptroller of the Currency ‘Annual Report of the Comptroller of the Currency 1951’, 1952.Google Scholar

Office of the Comptroller of the Currency ‘Annual Report of the Comptroller of the Currency 1963’, 1964.Google Scholar

Office of the Comptroller of the Currency ‘Annual Report of the Comptroller of the Currency 1980’, 1981.Google Scholar

Office of the Comptroller of the Currency Annual Report of the Comptroller of the Currency, Various Years’.Google Scholar

Office of the Comptroller of the Currency ‘Minimum Capital Ratios; Issuance of Directives’, Federal Register, 52 (1987), 23045–55.Google Scholar

Office of the Comptroller of the Currency ‘Minimum Capital Ratios; Risk-Based Capital Standard for National Banks’, Federal Register, 51 (1986), 10602–7.Google Scholar

Office of the Comptroller of the Currency ‘Risk-Based Capital Guidelines’, Federal Register, 54 (1989), 4168–84.Google Scholar

Orgler, Yair E., and Wolkowitz, Benjamin, Bank Capital (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1976).Google Scholar

‘Passing Events’, The Investors’ Review (London, 23 January 1915), XXXV, No. 890 edition.Google Scholar

Penn, Graham, Banking Supervision: Regulation of the UK Banking Sector under the Banking Act 1987 (London, Edinburgh: Butterworth, 1989).Google Scholar

Porter, Tony, States, Markets and Regimes in Global Finance, International Political Economy Series (New York, London: St. Martinʾs Press, Palgrave Macmillan, 1993).Google Scholar

President and Secretary of the Auditing Association, Letter from the Association for the Auditing of Banks and Savings Banks in Berne to the Minister of Finance (‘Revisionsverband der bernischen Banken und Sparkassen’) (Bern, 2 December 1933), Swiss Federal Archives, E6520A#1000/1059#27*.Google Scholar

Preston, Howard H., History of Banking in Iowa, The Rise of Commercial Banking (Iowa: The State of Iowa Historical Society, 1922).Google Scholar

Prevention of Fraud (Investments) Act 1958, C. 45.Google Scholar

Putnam, Barron H., ‘Early Warning Systems and Financial Analysis in Bank Monitoring’, Economic Review, Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, 54 (1983), 6–12.Google Scholar

Rae, George, The Country Banker, His Clients, Cares, and Work. From an Experience of Forty Years (London: John Murray, 1885).Google Scholar

Raff, Herbert, Schweizerische Bankgesellschaft: 1862, 1912, 1962 (Zurich: Schweizerische Bankgesellschaft, 1962).Google Scholar

Raiffeisen Schweiz Genossenschaft, ‘Geschäftsbericht der Raiffeisen Gruppe 2013’, 2014.Google Scholar

Rand McNally and Company, ‘Rand McNally Bankers Directory, Various Years’ (Rand McNally).Google Scholar

RBS Group, Annual Report 2006 (Edinburgh, 2007).Google Scholar

RBS Heritage Hub, ‘James William Gilbart’ http://heritagearchives.rbs.com/people/list/james-william-gilbart.html (accessed 26 April 2017).Google Scholar

Redlich, Fritz, Eric Bollmann and Studies in Banking, Essays in American Economic History (New York: G. E. Stechert & co., 1944).Google Scholar

Reid, Margaret, The Secondary Banking Crisis 1973–75: Its Causes and Course (London: Macmillan, 1982).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Reimann, Robert, Kommentar zum Bundesgesetz über die Banken und Sparkassen, 3. Auflage (Zurich: Poly. Verlag, 1963).Google Scholar

Reinicke, Wolfgang H., Banking, Politics and Global Finance: American Commercial Banks and Regulatory Change, 1980–1990, Studies in International Political Economy (Aldershot: Edward Elgar Publishing, 1995).Google Scholar

Revell, Jack, ‘Capital Adequacy, Hidden Reserves and Provisions’, in UK Banking Supervision, ed. Gardener, Edward P. M. (London: Allen & Unwin, 1986), pp. 218–33.Google Scholar

Revell, Jack Costs and Margins in Banking: An International Survey, ed. Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development OECD (Paris: OECD, 1980).Google Scholar

Revell, Jack Costs and Margins in Banking: Statistical Supplement 1978–1982, ed. Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development OECD (Paris: OECD, 1985).Google Scholar

Revell, Jack Solvency and Regulation of Banks: Theoretical and Practical Implications, Bangor Occasional Papers in Economics (Bangor: University of Wales Press, 1975).Google Scholar

Ritzmann, Franz, Die Schweizer Banken: Geschichte, Theorie, Statistik, Bankwirtschaftliche Forschungen (Bern: Haupt, 1973).Google Scholar

Robinson, Roland I., ‘Bank Capital and Dividend Policies’, Harvard Business Review, 1948, 398–409.Google Scholar

Robinson, Roland I. ‘The Capital-Deposit Ratio in Banking Supervision’, Journal of Political Economy, 49 (1941), 41–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ross, Stephen A., ‘The Determination of Financial Structure: The Incentive-Signalling Approach’, The Bell Journal of Economics, 8 (1977), 23–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rossy, Paul, and Reimann, Robert, Bundesgesetz über die Banken und Sparkassen vom 8. November 1934: mit Vollziehungsverordnung vom 26. Februar 1935 und Verordnung des Bundesgerichts betreffend das Nachlassverfahren von Banken und Sparkassen vom 11. April 1935 (Zurich: Polygraphischer Verlag, 1935).Google Scholar

Rowan, D. C., ‘The Monetary System in the Fifties and Sixties’, The Manchester School of Economic & Social Studies, 41 (1973), 19–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ruoss, Eveline, Die Geldpolitik der Schweizerischen Nationalbank 1907–1929: Grundlagen, Ziele und Instrumente (Zurich, 1992).Google Scholar

Ryon, Sandra L., ‘History of Bank Capital Adequacy Analysis’, ed. FDIC Division of Economic Research, FDIC Working Paper, 1969.Google Scholar

Salin, Edgar, ‘Devisen-Bann-Wirtschaft: über die beginnende Anarchie im westlichen Währungssystem’, Kyklos, 1964, 149–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sancey, Yves, Quand les banquiers font la loi: aux sources de l’autorégulation bancaire en Suisse et en Angleterre, de 1914 aux années 1950, Histoire et société contemporaines (Lausanne: Ed. Antipodes, 2015).Google Scholar

Saunders, Anthony, and Wilson, Berry, ‘The Impact of Consolidation and Safety-Net Support on Canadian, US and UK Banks: 1893–1992’, Journal of Banking & Finance, 23 (1999), 537–71.Google Scholar

Sayers, Richard Sidney, Financial Policy, 1939–45 (London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1956).Google Scholar

Sayers, Richard Sidney Modern Banking First Edition (London: Oxford University Press, 1938).Google Scholar

Sayers, Richard Sidney Modern Banking Sixth Edition (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1964).Google Scholar

Sayers, Richard Sidney The Bank of England 1891–1944 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976).Google Scholar

Schenk, Catherine R., ‘Summer in the City: Banking Failures of 1974 and the Development of International Banking Supervision’, The English Historical Review, 129 (2014), 1129–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Schenk, Catherine R. ‘The Origins of the Eurodollar Market in London: 1955–1963’, Explorations in Economic History, 35 (1998), 221–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Schiltknecht, Kurt, Beurteilung der Gentlemen’s Agreements und Konjunkturbeschlüsse der Jahre 1954–1966: Unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Auslandgelder (Zurich: Polygraphischer Verlag, 1970).Google Scholar

Schneebeli, Hermann, Die Schweizerische Nationalbank 1907–1932 (Zurich: Swiss National Bank, 1932).Google Scholar

Schneider, Ernst, Die schweizerischen Grossbanken im zweiten Weltkrieg 1939–1945 (Zurich: Brunner & Bodmer, 1951).Google Scholar

Schweizerische Kreditanstalt, Jahresbericht Schweizerische Kreditanstalt 1870, 1871.Google Scholar

Schweizerische Kreditanstalt Jahresbericht Schweizerische Kreditanstalt 1889, 1890.Google Scholar

Schweizerische Kreditanstalt Jahresbericht Schweizerische Kreditanstalt 1890, 1891.Google Scholar

Schweizerische Kreditanstalt Jahresbericht Schweizerische Kreditanstalt 1904, 1905.Google Scholar

Schweizerische Kreditanstalt Jahresbericht Schweizerische Kreditanstalt 1910, 1911.Google Scholar

Schweizerische Kreditanstalt Jahresbericht Schweizerische Kreditanstalt 1926, 1927.Google Scholar

Schweizerische Kreditanstalt Jahresbericht Schweizerische Kreditanstalt 1973, 1874.Google Scholar

Schweizerische Kreditanstalt Jahresberichte Schweizerische Kreditanstalt 1857–1914, 1914.Google Scholar

Schweizerische Volksbank, Denkschrift der Schweizerischen Volksbank zur Feier ihres 50jährigen Bestandes – 1869–1919 (Bern, 1919).Google Scholar

Schweizerischer Bankverein, Jahresbericht Schweizerischer Bankverein 1906 (Basel, 1907).Google Scholar

Schweizerischer Bankverein Jahresbericht Schweizerischer Bankverein 1912 (Basel, 1913).Google Scholar

Schweizerischer Bankverein Jahresbericht Schweizerischer Bankverein 1918 (Basel, 1919).Google Scholar

Secret Committee on Joint Stock Banks, Report from the Secret Committee on Joint Stock Banks: Together with the Minutes of Evidence, and Appendix, 1838.Google Scholar

Sekretariat der Eidgenössische Bankenkommission, Brief des Sekretariats an die Mitglieder der Eidgenössischen Bankenkommission, Bankenkammer. Betrifft Anrechnung stiller Reserven als eigene Mittel / Abänderung der Verfügung vom 30.08.1961. (Bern, 8 December 1967), Swiss Federal Archives, E6520B#2007_62#239.Google Scholar

Sekretariat der Eidgenössischen Bankenkommission, Bericht an die Mitglieder der Eidgenössischen Bankenkommission betr. Revision der Vollziehungsverordnung (Bern, 16 February 1972), Swiss Federal Archives, E6520A#1983/50#49*.Google Scholar

Sheppard, David K., The Growth and Role of UK Financial Institutions, 1880–1962 (London: Methuen, 1971).Google Scholar

Shultz, William John, and Cain, M. R., Financial Development of the United States (New York: Prentice-Hall, 1937).Google Scholar

Smith, Adam, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (London, 1776).Google Scholar

Smith, Frank P., and Marquis, Ralph W., ‘Capital and Surplus as Protection for Bank Deposits’, The Bankers Magazine, 1937, 215–26.Google Scholar

Smith, Tynan, and Hengren, Raymond E., ‘Bank Capital: The Problem Restated’, Journal of Political Economy, 55 (1947), 553–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Solomon, Steven, The Confidence Game: How Unelected Central Bankers Are Governing the Changed Global Economy (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995).Google Scholar

Somary, Felix, Bankpolitik (Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr, 1915).Google Scholar

Somary, Felix Erinnerungen aus meinem Leben, NZZ Libro (Zurich: Verlag Neue Zürcher Zeitung, 2013).Google Scholar

Speck, Kurt, Strukturwandlungen und Entwicklungstendenzen im Auslandsgeschäft der Schweizerbanken, Prospektivstudie über das schweizerische Bankgewerbe (Zurich: Juris Druck Verlag, 1974).Google Scholar

Speich, Rudolf, 75 Jahre Schweizerischer Bankverein: 1872–1947. Vergangenheit und Gegenwart: Ansprache (Basel: Schweizerischer Bankverein, 1947).Google Scholar

Spyri, Johannes Ludwig, Die Ersparnisskassen der Schweiz (1852–1862), Schweizerische Statistik (Zurich: Druck von Gebrüder Gull, 1864).Google Scholar

Steuart, James, An Inquiry Into The Principles Of Political Economy, Volume 2 (London: A. Millar and T. Cadell, 1767).Google Scholar

Straumann, Tobias, ‘Finanzplatz und Pfadabhängigkeit: Die Bundesrepublik, die Schweiz und die Vertreibung der Euromärkte (1955–1980)’, in Europas Finanzzentren: Geschichte und Bedeutung im 20. Jahrhundert, ed. Merki, Christoph Maria (Frankfurt a.M.: Campus, 2005), pp. 245–68.Google Scholar

Straumann, Tobias Fixed Ideas of Money: Small States and Exchange Rate Regimes in Twentieth Century Europe, Studies in Macroeconomic History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Straumann, Tobias, and Gabathuler, Jürg, ‘Die Entwicklung der Schweizer Bankenregulierung’, in Krisenfeste Schweizer Banken? Die Regulierung von Eigenmitteln, Liquidität und ‘Too big to fail’, ed. Jans, Armin, Lengwiler, Christoph, and Passardi, Marco (Zurich: NZZ Libro, 2018), pp. 57–86.Google Scholar

Strictures on the Report of the Secret Committee on the Joint Stock Banks with an Appendix Containing Some Valuable Tables, Compiled from the Evidence (London: Joseph Thomas, 1836).Google Scholar

Sutch, Richard, ‘Gross Domestic Product: 1790–2002, Table Ca10’, in Historical Statistics of the United States, Earliest Times to the Present, ed. Carter, Susan B., Gartner, Scott Sigmund, Haines, Michael R., et al. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006) http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ISBN-9780511132971.Google Scholar

Swiss National Bank, 75 Jahre Schweizerische Nationalbank, 1907–1982 (Zurich, 1982).Google Scholar

Swiss National Bank ‘Das Schweizerische Bankwesen / Die Banken in der Schweiz (annual issues 1906–2015)’, various, 1906–2015 (2015).Google Scholar

Swiss National Bank ‘Das Schweizerische Bankwesen 1909–1913’ (Bern: Buchdruckerei Stämpfli & Cie, 1915).Google Scholar

Swiss National Bank ‘Das Schweizerische Bankwesen 1916’ (Bern: Buchdruckerei Stämpfli & Cie, 1918).Google Scholar

Swiss National Bank ‘Das Schweizerische Bankwesen 1917’ (Bern: Buchdruckerei Stämpfli & Cie, 1919).Google Scholar

Swiss National Bank ‘Das Schweizerische Bankwesen 1918’ (Bern: Buchdruckerei Stämpfli & Cie, 1920).Google Scholar

Swiss National Bank ‘Das Schweizerische Bankwesen 1919’ (Bern: Buchdruckerei Stämpfli & Cie, 1921).Google Scholar

Swiss National Bank ‘Das Schweizerische Bankwesen 1920’ (Zurich: Art. Institut Orell Füssli, 1921).Google Scholar

Swiss National Bank ‘Das Schweizerische Bankwesen 1921’ (Zurich: Art. Institut Orell Füssli, 1923).Google Scholar

Swiss National Bank ‘Das Schweizerische Bankwesen 1922’ (Zurich: Art. Institut Orell Füssli, 1924).Google Scholar

Swiss National Bank ‘Das Schweizerische Bankwesen 1940’ (Zurich: Orell Füssli, 1941).Google Scholar

Swiss National Bank ‘Das Schweizerische Bankwesen 1942’ (Zurich: Orell Füssli, 1943).Google Scholar

Swiss National Bank ‘Das Schweizerische Bankwesen 1945’ (Zurich: Orell Füssli, 1946).Google Scholar

Swiss National Bank ‘Das Schweizerische Bankwesen 1946’ (Zurich: Orell Füssli, 1947).Google Scholar

Swiss National Bank ‘Das Schweizerische Bankwesen 1951’ (Zurich: Orell Füssli, 1952).Google Scholar

Swiss National Bank ‘Das Schweizerische Bankwesen 1952’ (Zurich: Orell Füssli, 1953).Google Scholar

Swiss National Bank ‘Das Schweizerische Bankwesen 1960’ (Zurich: Orell Füssli, 1961).Google Scholar

Swiss National Bank ‘Datenportal Der Schweizerischen Nationalbank’, online https://data.snb.ch/de (accessed 20 December 2021).Google Scholar

Swiss National Bank ‘Historical Time Series’, 2009.Google Scholar

Sykes, Joseph, The Amalgamation Movement in English Banking, 1825–1924 (London: P.S. King & Son, Ltd., 1926).Google Scholar

Szegö, Giorgio P., ‘A Critique of the Basel Regulations, or How to Enhance (Im) Moral Hazards’, in Risk Management and Regulation in Banking (Boston: Springer, 1999), pp. 147–58.Google Scholar

Tarkka, Juha, ‘Investment Doctrines for Banks, from Real Bills to Post-Crisis Reforms’, in Preparing for the Next Financial Crisis: Policies, Tools and Models, ed. Jokivuolle, Esa and Tunaru, Radu (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017), pp. 63–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tarullo, Daniel K., Banking on Basel: The Future of International Financial Regulation (Washington, DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics, 2008).Google Scholar

The Bankers’ Magazine, ‘Progress of Banking in Great Britain and Ireland during 1944’, 1945.Google Scholar

The Bankers’ Magazine‘Reports of Joint Stock Banks. London and County Bank’, 1880, 230–3.Google Scholar

The Bankers’ Magazine‘Reports of Joint Stock Banks. London and Westminster Bank’, 1880, 129–32.Google Scholar

The Bankers’ Magazine‘Reports of Joint Stock Banks. London and Westminster Bank’, 1909, 438–9.Google Scholar

The Bankers’ Magazine‘Reports of Joint-Stock Banks. London and County Bank’, XVII (1857), 241–7.Google Scholar

The Bankers’ Magazine‘Reports of Joint-Stock Banks. London and County Bank’, 1864, 280–3.Google Scholar

The Bankers’ Magazine‘Reports of Joint-Stock Banks. London and County Bank’, 1872, 788–94.Google Scholar

The Bankers’ Magazine‘Reports of Joint-Stock Banks. London and County Bank’, 1873, 854–60.Google Scholar

The Bankers’ Magazine‘Reports of Joint-Stock Banks. London and Westminster Bank’, 1848, 264–5.Google Scholar

The Bankers’ Magazine‘Reports of Joint-Stock Banks. London and Westminster Bank’, 1857, 167–72.Google Scholar

The Bankers’ Magazine‘Reports of Joint-Stock Banks. London and Westminster Bank’, 1862, 90–5.Google Scholar

The Bankers’ Magazine‘Reports of Joint-Stock Banks. London and Westminster Bank’, 1867, 804–9.Google Scholar

The Bankers’ Magazine‘The Great Addition About to Be Made to the Capital Employed in Banking Enterprise’, 1880, 28–9.Google Scholar

The Bankers’ Magazine‘The Important London Amalgamation’, 1909, 346–50.Google Scholar

The Bankers’ Magazine‘The Progress of Banking in Great Britain and Ireland During 1913’, 1914, 850–70.Google Scholar

The Bankers’ Magazine‘The Progress of Banking in Great Britain and Ireland During 1918’, 1919, 381–90.Google Scholar

The Bankers’ Magazine 1877, 361–9.Google Scholar

The Bankers’ Magazine 1903 The Protection of Depositors (Accounts) Regulations 1963, 1963.Google Scholar

The World Bank, Bank Regulation and Supervision Survey, November 2019.Google Scholar

The World BankInternational Debt Statistics, Data Bank https://databank.worldbank.org/source/international-debt-statistics (accessed 20 January 2022).Google Scholar

Thomas, Samuel Evelyn, The Rise and Growth of Joint Stock Banking (London: Sir I. Pitman & Sons, 1934).Google Scholar

Tobler, Stefan, Der Kampf um das Schweizer Bankgeheimnis: Eine 100-jährige Geschichte von Kritik und Verteidigung, NZZ Libro (Zurich: NZZ Libro, 2019).Google Scholar

Toniolo, Gianni, and White, Eugene N., The Evolution of the Financial Stability Mandate: From Its Origins to the Present Day (Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, January 2015).Google Scholar

Tucker, George, The Theory of Money and Banks Investigated (Boston: C. . Little and J. Brown, 1839).Google Scholar

Tufts, Roger, and Moloney, Paul, ‘The History of Supervisory Expectations for Capital Adequacy: Part I (1863–1983)’, Moments in History – Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, 2022.Google Scholar

Tufts, Roger, and Moloney, Paul ‘The History of Supervisory Expectations for Capital Adequacy: Part II (1984–2021)’, Moments in History – Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, 2022.Google Scholar

Turner, John D., Banking in Crisis: The Rise and Fall of British Banking Stability, 1800 to the Present, Cambridge Studies in Economic History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Turner, John D. ‘Wider Share Ownership? Investors in English and Welsh Bank Shares in the Nineteenth Century’, The Economic History Review, 62 (2009), 167–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

UBS, Annual Report 2006 (Zurich, 2007).Google Scholar

United States. Bureau of the Census, ed., Historical Statistics of the United States. Colonial Times to 1970, 1975.Google Scholar

United States Congress, Banking Act of 1933, H.R. 5661, 1933.Google Scholar

United States Congress Banking Act of 1935, H.R. 7617, 1935.Google Scholar

United States. Congress, International Lending Supervision Act of 1983, 1983.Google Scholar

Université de Lausanne, Faculté des sciences sociales et politiques, ‘Observatoire des élites suisses (OBELIS)’, Données. www.unil.ch/obelis/home.html.Google Scholar

Vogler, Robert, ‘The Genesis of Swiss Banking Secrecy: Political and Economic Environment’, Financial History Review, 8 (2001), 73–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Vollziehungsverordnung zum Bundesgesetz über die Banken und Sparkassen vom 17. Mai 1972, Änderung vom 23. August 1989, 1990.Google Scholar

Vollziehungsverordnung zum Bundesgesetz über die Banken und Sparkassen vom 1. Dezember 1980, 1981.Google Scholar

Vollziehungsverordnung zum Bundesgesetz über die Banken und Sparkassen vom 17. Mai 1972, 1972.Google Scholar

Vollziehungsverordnung zum Bundesgesetz über die Banken und Sparkassen vom 26. Februar 1935, 1935.Google Scholar

Vollziehungsverordnung zum Bundesgesetz über die Banken und Sparkassen vom 30. August 1961, 1961.Google Scholar

Wagner, Adolph, Beiträge zur Lehre von den Banken (Leipzig: Voss, 1857).Google Scholar

Wagner, Adolph System der Zettelbankpolitik: mit besonderer Rücksicht auf das geltende Recht und auf deutsche Verhältnisse – ein Handbuch des Zettelbankwesens (Freiburg i. Br.: F. Wagner, 1873).Google Scholar

Wallis, John Joseph, ‘Federal Government Debt, by Type: 1791–1970, Table Ea650’, in Historical Statistics of the United States, Earliest Times to the Present, ed. Carter, Susan B., Gartner, Scott Sigmund, Haines, Michael R., et al. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006). http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ISBN-9780511132971.Google Scholar

Watson, Katherine, and Feinstein, Charles H., ‘Private International Capital Flows in Europe in the Inter-War’, in Banking, Currency, and Finance in Europe Between the Wars, ed. Feinstein, Charles H. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), pp. 94–130.Google Scholar

Weber, Adolf, ‘Depositenbanken und Spekulationsbanken: ein Vergleich deutschen und englischen Bankwesens’ (Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, 1902).Google Scholar

Weber, Adolf Geld, Banken, Börsen (Leipzig: Quelle & Meyer, 1939).Google Scholar

Weber, Warren E., ‘Antebellum US State Bank Balance Sheets’, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, Research Division, 2018.Google Scholar

Wetter, Ernst, Bankkrisen und Bankkatastrophen der letzten Jahre in der Schweiz (Zurich: Orell Füssli, 1918).Google Scholar

White, Eugene, ‘Banking and Finance in the Twentieth Century’, in The Cambridge Economic History of the United States: Volume 3: The Twentieth Century, ed. Gallman, Robert E. and Engerman, Stanley L., Cambridge Economic History of the United States (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), iii, pp. 743–802 https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521553087.014.Google Scholar

White, Eugene N.,The Regulation and Reform of the American Banking System, 1900–1929 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

White, Eugene N. ‘“To Establish a More Effective Supervision of Banking”: How the Birth of the Fed Altered Bank Supervision’, in The Origins, History, and Future of the Federal Reserve: A Return to Jekyll Island, ed. Bordo, Michael D. and Roberds, William, Studies in Macroeconomic History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013), pp. 7–54.Google Scholar

Wilcox, Malcolm George, ‘Capital in Banking: An Historical Survey’, in UK Banking Supervision, ed. Gardener, Edward P.M., Reprint of an Article in the Journal of the Institute of Bankers, June 1979 (London: Allen & Unwin, 1986), pp. 205–17.Google Scholar

Wilkinson, J. Harvie, Investment Policies for Commercial Banks (New York: Harper, 1938)Google Scholar

Wilson, John Donald, The Chase (Boston: Harvard Business School, 1986)Google Scholar

Wirth, Max, Grundzüge der National-Ökonomie: Handbuch des Bankwesens (Köln: DuMont-Schauberg, 1870).Google Scholar

Wolfgang Moritz Freiherr, von Bissing, ‘Die Schrumpfung des Kapitals und seine Surrogate’, in Untersuchung des Bankwesens 1933 I. Teil, ed. Untersuchungsausschuß für das Bankwesen 1933 (Berlin: Heymanns, 1933).Google Scholar

Wood, Duncan, Governing Global Banking: The Basel Committee and the Politics of Financial Globalisation, Global Finance Series (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2005).Google Scholar

Worner, Bernard, La Suisse, centre financier européen (Argenton: Impr. de Langlois, 1931).Google Scholar