Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-94fs2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-06T01:18:33.822Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health and implications for clinical practice

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 April 2020

Andrea Fiorillo
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy Editor, European Psychiatry
Philip Gorwood
Affiliation:
GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, CMME, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, 75014 Paris, France Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, 75014 Paris, France

Abstract

Type
Editorial
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BY
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright
© The Author(s) 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the European Psychiatric Association.

There is a wide consensus that the COVID-19 pandemic not only affects physical health, but also mental health and well-being [Reference Brooks, Webster, Smith, Woodland, Wessely and Greenberg1,Reference Shigemura, Ursano, Morganstein, Kurosawa and Benedek2]. The current pandemic is changing priorities for the general population, but it is also challenging the agenda of health professionals, including that of psychiatrists and other mental health professionals [Reference Yu-Tao, Yang, Li, Zhang, Zhang and Cheung3]. Everywhere in the world, psychiatric clinics are modifying their practice in order to guarantee care and support to persons with mental health problems, but also to those who are not mentally ill and are suffering from the psychosocial consequences of the pandemic. The number of those who will need psychiatric help is going to increase in the next weeks or months, requiring a reconsideration of our current practices. From a psychopathological viewpoint, the current pandemic is a relatively new form of stressor or trauma for mental health professionals [Reference Kang, Li, Hu, Chen, Yang and Yang4]. It has been compared with natural disasters, such as earthquakes or tsunamis [Reference Morganstein and Ursano5]. But in those cases, the emergencies are usually localized, limited to a specific area and to a given time; people know that they can escape, if they want to or if they have the possibility to do so [Reference Raviola, Rose, Fils-Aimé, Thérosmé, Affricot and Valentin6]. It has also been compared with wars and international mass conflicts. But in those circumstances, the enemy is easily recognizable, while in pandemic the “threat” can be everywhere and it can be carried by the person next to us [Reference Kaniasty7].

We consider that the mental health and psychosocial consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic may be particularly serious for at least four groups of people: (a) those who have been directly or indirectly in contact with the virus; (b) those who are already vulnerable to biological or psychosocial stressors (including people affected by mental health problems); (c) health professionals (because of higher level of exposure); and (d) even people who are following the news through numerous media channels.

The pandemic and the related containment measures—namely quarantine, social distancing, and self-isolation—can have a detrimental impact on mental health. In particular, the increased loneliness and reduced social interactions are well-known risk factors for several mental disorders, including schizophrenia and major depression. Concerns about one’s own health and that of their beloved ones (particularly elderly or suffering from any physical illness), as well as uncertainty about the future, can generate or exacerbate fear, depression, and anxiety. If these concerns are prolonged, they may increase the risk of serious and disabling mental health conditions among adult males and females, including anxious disorders including panic, obsessive–compulsive, stress, and trauma-related disorders. A group at a particularly high risk is represented by infected people, physicians, and nurses working in emergency units and resuscitation departments. It is likely that in the next months—when the pandemic is over—we may have a shortage of health professionals due to burnout and mental exhaustion [Reference Panagioti, Geraghty, Johnson, Zhou, Panagopoulou and Chew-Graham8]. Another aspect which should be considered is related to stigma and discrimination toward infected people and their family members. Fighting social stigma toward those treating and caring for people with COVID-19 should be another priority for mental health professionals in the next months. Finally, Internet is spreading very rapidly a large amount of uncontrolled news. This information overload has been defined “infodemic,” with the risk of fake news running faster than the virus itself, and creating uncertainties and worries. This should be regulated by a continuous interaction with media and also by national regulations. Another consequence of the pandemic on mental health practice may be that psychiatric problems will be considered less important than physical ones. We should continue to advocate for our patients and their caregivers; our patients often need long-term treatment, continuous support and advices, personal meetings with their physicians or therapists. Their rights to be treated, also in a period of social distancing, should be preserved even though mental health services may be overloaded by a considerable number of requests for psychiatric consultations.

Many of these psychosocial and mental health consequences of the pandemic will have to be addressed by psychiatrists and mental health professionals in the months to come. Most probably we will face an increase of mental health problems, behavioral disturbances, and substance-use disorders, as extreme stressors may exacerbate or induce psychiatric problems. In order to reduce the risk of developing mental health problems, simple advices may be provided to the general population:

  1. 1. Limit the sources of stress: to rely on a limited amount of official information sources only and to limit the time of the day devoted to this activity, disregarding those which come from unofficial channels and uncontrolled sources.

  2. 2. Break the isolation: to increase the communication with friends, family members, and loved ones, even if at a distance. Video-chat or group calls with family members may help to reduce loneliness and precariousness. In case of insufficient social network, professional helplines are particularly useful, if managed by qualified trained professionals.

  3. 3. Maintain your usual rhythm: keep a regular routine, by having regular sleep–wake rhythms and diet patterns. Addictive behaviors might be particularly at risk of rebound or relapses, therefore intellectual, physical, and social (even if virtual) activities will be useful.

  4. 4. Focus on the benefit of the isolation: we should indeed be conscious that this is a transient period and that this isolated time is needed as we are not only saving our health, but also protecting all others by stopping the epidemic, and therefore shaping our own future.

  5. 5. Ask for professional help: getting a psychiatric help or consultation, if the effects of stress is becoming too invasive, is always possible, even if with different modalities. Almost all psychiatric clinics are now equipped for providing support, emotional defusing, problem-solving strategies, and psychiatric consultations—also at a distance.

The pandemic will be over, but its effects on mental health and well-being of the general population, health professionals, and vulnerable people will remain for a long time. We hope that all of the mental health community will have very quickly the opportunity to take care of patients in more conventional and personalized ways. Crises also reveal resilience skills and quality of links, the solidarity observed between European countries for severe cases (exchanging patients, material, and competencies) is a nice example to follow.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no potential conflict of interests.

References

Brooks, SK, Webster, RK, Smith, LE, Woodland, L, Wessely, S, Greenberg, N, et al.The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. Lancet. 2020;395:912920.Google Scholar
Shigemura, J, Ursano, RJ, Morganstein, JC, Kurosawa, M, Benedek, DM. Public responses to the novel 2019 coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in Japan: mental health consequences and target populations. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2020 [Epub ahead of print].Google Scholar
Yu-Tao, X, Yang, Y, Li, W, Zhang, L, Zhang, Q, Cheung, T, et al.Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7:228229.Google Scholar
Kang, L, Li, Y, Hu, S, Chen, M, Yang, C, Yang, BX, et al.The mental health of medical workers in Wuhan, China dealing with the 2019 novel coronavirus. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7:e14.Google Scholar
Morganstein, JC, Ursano, RJ. Ecological disasters and mental health: causes, consequences, and interventions. Front Psychiatry. 2020;11:1.Google Scholar
Raviola, G, Rose, A, Fils-Aimé, JR, Thérosmé, T, Affricot, E, Valentin, C, et al.Development of a comprehensive, sustained community mental health system in post-earthquake Haiti, 2010–2019. Glob Ment Health. 2020;7:e6.Google Scholar
Kaniasty, K. Social support, interpersonal, and community dynamics following disasters caused by natural hazards. Curr Opin Psychol. 2019;32:105109.Google Scholar
Panagioti, M, Geraghty, K, Johnson, J, Zhou, A, Panagopoulou, E, Chew-Graham, C, et al.Association between physician burnout and patient safety, professionalism, and patient satisfaction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2018;178:13171330.Google Scholar
Submit a response

Comments

No Comments have been published for this article.