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Galacto-Oligosaccharide has no Effect on Glucose Tolerance, inflammatory Markers or Intestinal Permeability in well-controlled Type 2 Diabetes

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 November 2016

Camilla Pedersen
Affiliation:
Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
Paul Hinton
Affiliation:
Medical Physics – Nuclear Medicine, Royal Surrey County Hospital, GU2 7XX, UK
Edith Gallagher
Affiliation:
Medical Physics – Nuclear Medicine, Royal Surrey County Hospital, GU2 7XX, UK
Felicity Horton
Affiliation:
Medical Physics – Nuclear Medicine, Royal Surrey County Hospital, GU2 7XX, UK
Richard Ellis
Affiliation:
Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, KT 15 3NB, UK
Umer Z. Ijaz
Affiliation:
School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
Huihai Wu
Affiliation:
Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
Etana Jaiyeola
Affiliation:
Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
Onyinye Diribe
Affiliation:
Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
Glenn R. Gibson
Affiliation:
Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, RG6 6AP, UK
Thibaut Duparc
Affiliation:
Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium
Patrice D. Cani
Affiliation:
Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium
John Wright
Affiliation:
Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK CEDAR Centre, Royal Surrey County Hospital, GU2 7RE, UK
David Russell-Jones
Affiliation:
Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK CEDAR Centre, Royal Surrey County Hospital, GU2 7RE, UK
Roberto La Ragione
Affiliation:
Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
M. Denise Robertson
Affiliation:
Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
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Abstract

Type
Abstract
Copyright
Copyright © The Authors 2016 

Aberrant microbiota composition and function have been linked to several intestinal and systemic pathologies, including obesity, the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes(Reference Qin, Li, Cai, Li, Zhu and Zhang1). In animal models, prebiotics improve glucose tolerance which may be linked to concurrent favourable changes in the intestinal microbiota, intestinal permeability and endotoxaemia(Reference Cani, Neyrinck, Fava, Knauf, Burcelin and Tuohy2).

This is the first study to investigate the link between intestinal permeability, glucose tolerance, and intestinal bacteria in human type 2 diabetes. 30 males with well-controlled type 2 diabetes were randomised to a prebiotic, galacto-oligosaccharide (GOS, 5 g/day), or placebo (maltodextrin) supplementation for 12 weeks. Glucose tolerance, intestinal permeability, endotoxaemia, inflammatory markers and intestinal bacterial composition were assessed at baseline and post-intervention. Intestinal permeability was measured by urinary excretion of 51Cr-EDTA and glucose tolerance by insulin modified IVGTT. Gut microbial community analysis was performed by high-throughput Next-Generation Sequencing of 16S rRNA amplicons and quantitative PCR.

GOS had no significant effects on glucose tolerance, intestinal permeability or inflammatory markers compared with placebo. Non-metric Multi-dimensional Scaling analysis suggested GOS affected intestinal bacterial composition differently to the placebo; however, there were no significant differences in bacterial abundances between treatment groups at any taxonomic level. Nevertheless, changes in the bacterial family Veillonellaceae correlated inversely with glucose response (r = −0·90, P = 0·042) and IL-6 (r = −0·90, P = 0·042) in the GOS group. Changes in fasting serum lipopolysaccharide binding protein concentration correlated with fasting blood glucose (r = 0·79, P = 0·0026) in the placebo group.

Lack of effect of GOS in this study may be due to the low dose and the short duration of the supplementation, although concurrent metformin treatment may have masked the effects of GOS. Furthermore, whilst the high heterogeneity of human diabetes compared to animal models may also have played a role, it is also plausible that prebiotics may play a more important role in prevention rather than in the treatment of human type 2 diabetes. However, the small sample size was a limitation of this study.

This study was funded by an EFSD Clinical Research Grant. UKCRN portfolio database trial identifier: ISRCTN07813749.

References

1.Qin, J, Li, Y, Cai, Z, Li, S, Zhu, J, Zhang, F, et al. A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes. (2012) Nature 490, 5560.Google Scholar
2.Cani, PD, Neyrinck, AM, Fava, F, Knauf, C, Burcelin, RG, Tuohy, KM, et al. (2007) Diabetologia 50, 2374–83.10.1007/s00125-007-0791-0Google Scholar