Index

James Gallen

doi:10.1017/9781009025973.019

Index

Abolitionism, 31–32

Accatoli, Luigi, 242

Accountability, reconciliation distinguished, 249

Adoption. See Forced child removal and adoption

Affect, emotions compared, 107–108

Agamben, Giorgio, 126–127

Agency, 84–86

apologies and, 224

authority and, 85

economic resources and, 86

emotions and, 111–114

apologies and, 114

as cause of historical abuses, 111

generally, 110

inquiries and, 113

law and, 113

reconciliation and, 114

reparations and, 113–114

transitional justice and, 112–113

victim-survivors and, 111–112

generally, 19, 82–83

inquiries and, 137

litigation and, 166–168

aggressive defence against, 167–168

fair trial concerns, 166

unincorporated associations, difficulty in suing, 166–167

reconciliation and, 249–250

reparations and, 204–208

restitution and, 197

settler colonialism and, 84–85

shame and, 123–124

violence and, 84–85

Ahern, Bertie, 240

Ahmed, Sara, 126, 129, 229–230, 237–238

Alexander, Jeffrey, 89

Alexander, Michelle, 31–33, 63

Alfred, Taiaike, 130–131, 254–255

Allen, Amy, 287

Altman, Jon, 178

Anderson, Ben, 111

Anghie, Anthony, 166

Ani, Marimba, 29

Apologies. See also specific country

agency and, 224

Catholic Church and, 242, 244–246

churches and religious orders and

generally, 226, 228, 242–246

in Australia, 243

in Canada, 242–243

in Ireland, 242, 244–245

in Northern Ireland, 242

in Scotland, 242

in UK, 245–246

in US, 243

elements of, 224

emotions and, 114, 118–119, 229–230

epistemic injustice and, 226–227

generally, 21, 223, 277

limitations of, 247, 278–279

list of, 309

moral recognition and, 227

national and religious myth and, 227–228

ontological power and, 227–229

“re-covenanting,” 227

re-traumatisation, risk of, 280

settler colonialism and, 228

shame and, 229–230, 237–238

structure and, 225–226

victim-survivor participation in, 277

Arnstein, Sherry R., 101

Arthur, Paige, 11

Ashforth, Adam, 139

Australia

Aboriginal People

disproportionate level of harm among, 66–67

education and, 265

forced child removal and adoption and, 43, 52, 179–180

Indigenous Advisory Council, 142–143

reconciliation and, 258–266

reparations and, 216

shame and, 127–128

sovereignty versus nation-building, 264–265

theft of land and, 49–50, 177–178

violence against, 42–43

Aborigines Protection Act 1909, 52

Aborigines Protection Board, 179

apologies in, 234–238

Bringing Them Home Inquiry, 235

child sexual abuse and, 237

churches and religious orders, 243

forced child removal and adoption and, 237

Forgotten Australians Inquiry, 236

generally, 247

list of, 309

shame and, 237–238

Stolen Generations and, 235–236

Bringing Them Home Inquiry, 43, 141–144, 146–147, 153–154, 162, 179, 235, 243, 263, 280

child sexual abuse in, 46, 176–177, 201, 237

colonialism in, 28

Council for Aboriginal Reconciliation, 262–263

Empire Settlement Act 1922, 52

Find and Connect Support Services, 208

Forced Adoption Report, 157

forced child removal and adoption in, 43, 52, 179–180, 237

Forde Inquiry, 150

Forgotten Australians Inquiry, 146–147, 159–160, 208, 236, 247, 280

genocide in, 42–43, 178–179

inquiries in

commissioners, 142–143

findings, 153–154, 157

generally, 136

list of, 309

public hearings, 150

recommendations, 159–160

statement taking, 146–147

voice and advocacy, 141

litigation in, 176–180

Catholic Church, against, 167

child sexual abuse, 176–177

forced child removal and adoption, 179–180

genocide, 178–179

human rights law and, 180

limitation of actions, 168

theft of land, 177–178

Lost Innocents Inquiry, 146–147, 157, 159–160, 280

Mabo decision, 177–178, 263, 278

Magdalene Laundries in, 38

maternity homes in, 40–41, 122

‘mateship’ myth, 99

national and religious myth in, 98–99, 127–128, 157, 217

National Redress Scheme, 160, 201, 205, 209–210, 217

National Sorry Day, 263

Native Title Act 1993, 178, 263

Native Title Amendment Act 1998, 178

Native Title Tribunal, 178

present-day consequences of historical structural injustice in, 69

reconciliation in, 258–266

Aboriginal People and, 258–266

generally, 21

‘practical reconciliation’ 263–264

sovereignty versus nation-building, 264–265

reparations in

agency and, 205, 207–208

generally, 201

list of, 306–308

national and religious myth and, 217

ontological power and, 216

structure and, 209–211

residential schools in, 36

restorative justice in, 271

Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody, 157, 160, 262

Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse (RCIRCSA), 136, 141–144, 146–147, 150, 157, 160, 162, 168, 176–177, 201, 205, 237, 280

selection for study, 19–20

settler colonialism and, 16, 28

shame in, 122, 127–128

Sorry Book Campaign, 263

sovereignty versus nation-building in, 264–265

Stolen Generations, 52, 177, 179, 201, 209, 235–236, 243, 263

terra nullius myth, 98–99, 177

theft of land in, 49–50, 177–178

transitional justice generally, 11

truth and reconciliation commissions generally, 136

unpaid labour in, 50

Victoria Child Abuse Inquiry, 144

Bachrach, Peter, 86

Bakiner, Onur, 139

Balboni, Jennifer, 207

Balint, Jennifer, 12, 69, 74, 76, 88, 104, 139, 186, 279, 285–286

Bandes, Susan, 109

Baratz, Morton S., 86

Barnes, Jane, 34–35

Barthes, Roland, 95

Bavales, Janet, 242–243

Beaulac, Stephane, 26

Beausoleil, Emily, 64, 78

Behrendt, Larissa, 43, 264

Bell, Macalester, 112

Benedict XVI (Pope), 242

Benjamin, Walter, 88–89

Benvenuto, Jeff, 154

Berenstain, Nora, 91

Berg, Manfred, 189

Bishop, Donna, 207

Blackhawk, Maggie, 191–193

Blair, Tony, 238

Blatz, Craig W., 224

Bloomfield, David, 250, 253

Borrows, John, 182–183, 278

Bouchard, Gérard, 95, 97, 116

Brady, Seán, 244

Brennan, Carol, 148

Brock, Rita Nakashima, 27

Brophy, Alfred, 200–215

Brown, Gordon, 239

Buckley, Sarah-Anne, 36

Buti, Antonio, 179, 257–258

Byrnes, Timothy A., 171

Cafardi, Nicholas, 171

Calhoun, Cheshire, 125

Canada

apologies in, 232–234

churches and religious orders, 242–243

First Nations and, 232–234

generally, 247

list of, 309

not deemed acceptance of liability, 225

residential schools and, 232–234

TRC and, 233

‘benevolent peacemaker’ myth, 98

Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops (CCCB), 46, 181

Canadian Human Rights Tribunal, 183

child sexual abuse in, 45–46, 180–181

colonialism in, 28

Committee for Responsible Ministry and the Protection of Minors and Vulnerable Adults, 181

Common Expense Payment (CEP), 204–212

Constitution, 181–183

Constitution Act 1867, 49

Constitution Act 1982, 184

Doctrine of Discovery and, 260

First Nations

apologies and, 232–234

disproportionate level of harm among, 66–67

maternity homes, 39–40

national and religious myth and, 98

Recognition and Implementation of Indigenous Rights Framework, 260–262

reconciliation and, 257–262

residential schools, 36–37, 43, 45–46, 180–181

‘Sixties Scoop’, 40, 180–181, 202

theft of land and, 49, 181–183

UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and, 259

violence against, 43

forced child removal and adoption in, 52–53

genocide in, 43

Independent Assessment Process, 212

Indian Act 1876, 49, 183

Indian Act 1894, 37

Indian Residential Schools Settlement (IRSSA), 160, 180, 200, 202, 204–205, 209–211, 220

inquiries in

commissioners, 143

findings, 154–157

generally, 136

list of, 309

public hearings, 150

recommendations, 160–161

role of alleged perpetrators, 151

specific forms of abuse, 145

statement taking, 147–148

TRC and, 162

voice and advocacy, 141

litigation in, 180–184

Catholic Church, against, 167

child sexual abuse, 181

human rights law, 183–184

limitation of actions, 168

residential schools, 180–181

Magdalene Laundries in, 38

maternity homes in, 39–40

Métis National Council, 233

Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls (MMIWG) Inquiry, 141, 143–145, 150, 154–155, 161–162, 280

national and religious myth in, 98, 156–157, 217

National Indigenous People’s Day, 183

present-day consequences of historical-structural injustice in, 69

Recognition and Implementation of Indigenous Rights Framework, 260–262

reconciliation in, 257–262

First Nations and, 257–262

generally, 21

Recognition and Implementation of Indigenous Rights Framework, 260–262

TRC and, 258–260

reparations in

agency and, 204–205

epistemic injustice and, 212

generally, 202

list of, 306–308

national and religious myth and, 217

ontological power and, 214

structure and, 209–211

residential schools in, 36–37, 43, 45–46, 50, 141, 160, 180–181, 232–234

Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples (RCAP), 157, 160

Royal Proclamation of 1763, 49, 181–182

selection for study, 19–20

settler colonialism and, 16, 28, 260

shame in, 128

Specific Claims Tribunal, 202

terra nullius myth, 156–157, 260

theft of land in, 49, 181–183

transitional justice generally, 11

Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC)

apologies and, 233

child sexual abuse and, 45–46, 180

on colonialism, 29–30

commissioners, 143

criticism of, 260

findings, 154, 156–157

First Nations and, 74

generally, 280

inquiries and, 162

potential of, 136

public hearings, 150

recommendations, 160–161

reconciliation and, 258–260

residential schools and, 49

role of alleged perpetrators, 151

specific forms of abuse, 145

statement taking, 147–148

temporal scope of, 143–144

UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and, 259

unpaid labour in, 50

Caribbean Community (CARICOM), 219–220

CARICOM Reparations Commission (CRC), 219–220

Carlson, Kirsten Matoy, 191

Carothers, Thomas, 10

Catholic Church

apologies and, 242, 244–246

canon law, 165, 171, 175–177, 181, 194

child sexual abuse and

in Australia, 201

in Canada, 45–46

canon law and, 175–177, 181

generally, 4

transitional justice and, 17

in UK, 185–186, 202

in US, 44, 141, 188

colonialism and, 28

Doctrine of Discovery and, 242

Ireland and, 99–100, 117, 122–123, 244–245

litigation against, 167

Memory and Reconciliation: The Church and the Faults of the Past, 270–272

reconciliation and, 270–272

reparations and, 201–202

residential schools and, 35–36

restorative justice and, 8, 271

selection for study, 19–20

shame and, 122–123, 128

slavery and, 30

UN and, 4

Celermajer, Danielle, 227, 236, 246, 270

Chakravarti, Sonali, 138–139, 158

Charlemagne, 25

Chartier, Clem, 233

Child sexual abuse

in Australia, 46, 176–177, 201, 237

in Canada, 45–46, 180–181

Catholic Church and (See Catholic Church)

Christianity, historical background of, 26

criminal litigation, 193

emotions and, 112

generally, 4

in Ireland, 16–17, 46, 144, 173–176

power, relation to, 84–85

psychological damage from, 56

shame and, 122

in UK, 46–47, 184–186, 202

UN and, 4

in US, 44, 141, 145, 188

victim-survivors, 56

Christianity. See also Churches and religious orders

abolitionism and, 31–32

apologies and, 242–246 (See also Apologies)

Catholic Church (See Catholic Church)

child sexual abuse and, 26

Christian nationalism, 22

colonialism and, 27–30 (See also Colonialism)

conversion and, 25

Crusades, 25–26

heresy and, 26

imperial nature of, 25

Inquisition, 26

national and religious myth, need for revision, 282–283

Protestant Reformation, 26–27

sexual violence and, 25

slavery and, 30–33 (See also Slavery)

transitional justice, applicability of, 17

unjust world and, 290

violence and, 24–27

witchcraft and, 26

women, violence against, 26

Churches and religious orders. See also Catholic Church; Christianity

apologies and, 242–246 (See also Apologies)

reconciliation and, 255, 267, 273

religion as cause of historical abuses, 155–156

shame, religious nature of, 123

spiritual abuse, 57

transitional justice and

applicability of, 15–17

resistance to, 277–278

Clark, Janine Natalya, 121

Clarke, Kamari Maxine, 117–118

Class actions, 168–169

Clegg, Stewart, 87

Clinton, Bill, 266–267

Coexistence, reconciliation distinguished, 249

Collaboration, 101–102

Collins, Patricia Hill, 44–45, 83

Colonialism, 27–30

in Australia, 28

in Canada, 28

Catholic Church and, 28

Christianity and, 27–30

institutionalisation compared, 34

justifications for, 18, 27–30

Kenya, litigation in UK regarding, 186–187

Malaysia, litigation in UK regarding, 187

national and religious myth and, 96–97

‘others’, Indigenous peoples as, 27–28

reconciliation and, 273

restorative justice and, 14–15

‘second wave’ of, 29

settler colonialism, 28–30 (See also Settler colonialism)

slavery compared, 30

Spanish colonialism compared, 28

in US, 28

Colton, Matthew, 149

Columbus, Christopher, 27

Committee on the Rights of the Child, 194

Cone, James, 45

Conference on Jewish Material Claims against Germany, 22, 222

Connell, Desmond, 244

Constantine, 25

Conyers, John, 218–219

Corby, Brian, 35, 145, 149, 159

Corntassel, Jeff, 254–255

Coulthard, Glen, 258

Council of Elvira, 25

Cowen, Brian, 240

Craemer, Thomas, 219

Crean, Anne Marie, 206–207, 213

Crenshaw, Kimberlé, 83, 172

Cristiani, Riccardo, 115

Critical legal studies (CLS), 172

Crocker, David, 249

Crowley, Una, 93

Crusades, 25–26

Cuneen, Christopher, 14–15

Curthoys, Ann, 177, 179

Cuthbert, Denise, 228, 236–237

Daly, Kathleen, 15, 201, 204, 208, 212, 214–215

Damages, 165

Danforth, Sandra, 219

D’Aoust, Anne-Marie, 107–108, 110

Davis, Angelique, 231

Davis, Juliet, 201

Decolonisation, 289

De Greiff, Pablo, 10, 66, 194, 228, 251–253, 279–280

De Groot, Joanna, 34

Deigh, John, 126

Derrida, Jacques, 228

Doctrine of Discovery, 27, 74, 156–157, 189, 242, 260

Dolezal, Luna, 109, 122, 124–126, 130

Douzinas, Costas, 89

Doyle, Thomas P., 44

Ducey, Kimberley, 59–60

Duff, April, 174

Dwyer, Susan, 250

Edmonds, Penelope, 251–252, 272–273

Edwards, Frank, 67

Elias, Norbert, 92–93, 126

Elster, Jon, 115, 124

Emotions

affect compared, 107–108

agency and, 111–114 (See also Agency)

apologies and, 114, 118–119, 229–230

child sexual abuse and, 112

epistemic injustice and, 110–111, 119–120

gender and, 107

generally, 19, 106, 131–132, 276–277

groups, attribution to, 108

historical-structural injustice, relation to, 18, 75–76, 78–79

inquiries and, 113

law, relation to, 108–109, 113

national and religious myth, relation to, 116–117

ontological power and, 111, 120–121

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and, 112, 114

power, relation to, 19, 109–111 (See also specific element of power)

rationality versus, 107

reconciliation and, 114, 118–119, 251–252

reparations and, 113–114

shame (See Shame)

structure and, 114–119 (See also Structure)

transitional justice, relation to, 78–79, 109

trauma and, 112, 114

universal versus socially constructed, 108

Enright, Máiréad, 69, 103, 125–127, 129–130, 148, 153, 207, 213

Epistemic injustice

apologies and, 226–227

emotions and, 110–111, 119–120

inquiries and, 138–139

law, relation to, 88–89

litigation and, 169–170

‘othering’ and, 89–90

reconciliation and, 250–252

reification and, 88–90

reparations and, 211–213

restitution and, 198

sacred versus profane, 89–90

settler colonialism and, 89

shame and, 125

testimonial injustice versus hermeneutical injustice, 90–91

Epistemic power, 19, 82–83, 85–91. See also Epistemic injustice

Eudaily, Seán, 172

European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)

Ireland and, 175, 280

UK and, 187

European Union, transitional justice and, 10

Evans, Matthew, 211

Existential reconciliation, 251–252

Extractive industries, 277

Faden, Ruth, 58–59, 63, 76–77, 89

Faulkner, Joanne, 98–99

Feagin, Joe, 59–60

Feldthusen, Bruce, 181

Ferguson, Harry, 37

Ferriter, Diarmuid, 93

Fischer, Clara, 127, 129

Fisher, Clara, 241

Flam, Helena, 115

Fontaine, Phil, 233

Forced child removal and adoption, 50–51

in Australia, 43, 52, 179–180, 237

in Canada, 52–53

in Ireland, 53

psychological damage from, 56–57

in UK, 50–51, 53, 239

in US, 51

victim-survivors, 56–57

Forgiveness, reconciliation distinguished, 249

Forman, James, 218

Formicola, Jo Renee, 167, 169, 188

Foster, Susan Leigh, 107

Foucault, Michel, 82–84, 87, 92–93, 109, 126

Fox, Fionna, 206–207, 213

Francis (Pope), 169, 194

Franklin, James, 38

Freud, Sigmund, 93

Fricker, Miranda, 90

Fundamental social change, 73–74

Funk-Unrau, Neil, 233

Gallay, Allan, 30–31

Galtung, Johan, 57–58

Garrett, Paul Michael, 156

Geisler, Charles, 48

Gellner, Ernest, 92

Gender. See also Women

emotions and, 107

historical-structural injustice and, 59–60

power, relation to, 93

reconciliation and, 255–256

Genocide, 41–43

in Australia, 42–43, 178–179

in Canada, 43

controversial application of term, 41–42

defined, 41

impact of, 56

resistance to accusations of, 43

settler colonialism and, 42

UN Convention on Genocide, 154–155, 178–179

in US, 42

Gibney, Mark, 247

Gildea, Robert, 96

Gillard, Julia, 237, 247

Gilligan, Carol, 281

Gilroy, Paul, 97

Gleeson, Kate, 136, 144, 147, 152–153, 256, 271

Glenn, Evelyn Nakano, 48

Gooder, Haydie, 235

Goodwin, Jeff, 108

Gould, Debbie, 115

Gover, Kevin, 230

Govier, Trudy, 229

Gready, Paul, 13, 102

Greer, Chris, 138

Gregory IX (Pope), 26

Guenther, Lisa, 126

Guilmette, Lauren, 110

Guilt, shame versus, 121, 130

Hamber, Brandon, 102, 108, 142, 149, 151, 221

Harper, Stephen, 232–234

Haugaard, Mark, 19, 81–84, 87, 93

Hayward, Clarissa, 86–87, 94

Head, Naomi, 116, 118–120

Heaney, Jonathan, 109–110, 115, 117

Henderson, Jennifer, 234, 257

Henry, Nicola, 264–265, 277–285

Historical abuses

consistent inter-generational pattern of violence, 5–6

defined, 3–4

distinctive response, necessity of, 4

inability to undo harms, 7

national and religious myth as cause of, 155

new justice paradigm, necessity of, 5, 21–22

race as cause of, 155

religion as cause of, 155–156

similarity of responses to, 4–5

transitional justice as necessary but inadequate, 6, 21–22

unrepentant justice and, 6

Historical-structural injustice

burden of, 70–71

defined, 57–58

denial of need to address, 76, 281

emotions, relation to, 18, 75–76, 78–79

environmental structures, 58

gender and, 59–60

generally, 18, 55, 79–80, 276

integrated approaches, 63–64

law, role of in addressing, 63–64, 288

long-term structures, 65–66

national and religious myth, need for revision to address, 281–283

paradigmatic structures, 59–60

power, relation to, 18, 75–77

present-day consequences of, addressing, 68–70

race and, 59–60

reification and, 76

responsibility for, 60–61, 63, 71–72

role of, 61–63

rule-based structures, 58–59

scepticism regarding, 64–65

settler colonialism and, 59

transitional justice and

assigning responsibility and, 71–72

as framework for addressing, 284

generally, 15–16

new national and religious identity and, 74

potential contribution of, 74

social change and, 73–74, 76

strengthening authority, danger of, 72–73

victim-survivor participation and, 74–75

typology of structures, 58–59

welfare and, 59

white supremacy and, 59

women and, 59

Hixson, Walter, 47, 95

Hoggett, Paul, 107, 118

Holder, Cindy, 227–228, 233–234

Holocaust, 22, 222

Honneth, Axel, 287

Howard, John, 235, 263–264

Howe, David, 159

Howe, Renate, 40–41, 122

Human rights law

in Australia, 180

in Canada, 183–184

in Ireland, 174–175

litigation and, 165–166, 194–195

Hume, David, 107

‘Ideal’ human, 5–6

Ifill, Sherrilyn, 45, 144, 267

Indigenous peoples. See also specific country

disproportionate level of harm among, 66–67

national and religious myth, need for revision, 282

as ‘others’, 27–28

reconciliation and, 253–255

reparations and, 215–216

restorative justice and, 8, 14–15

slavery and, 30–31

theft of land and, 47–50

UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, 183–184, 259

as victim-survivors, 56

Inglis, Tom, 117

Inquiries. See also specific country

defined, 135

emotions and, 113

generally, 20, 135–137, 161–163, 277

historical background, 135

informal or non-statutory inquiries, 136

input measures

abuses not investigated, 145

commissioners, 142–143

generally, 139–140

historical and contemporary abuses, 144

mandates, 143–145

powers, 145–146

specific forms of abuse, 144–145

sub-national level, 144

voice and advocacy, 140–142

limitations of, 278

list of, 291

national and religious myth and, 139

outcomes

causes of historical abuses, 155–156

findings, 151–158

generally, 139–140

national and religious myth, relation to historical abuses, 156–158

national and religious myth cause of historical abuses, 155

race as cause of historical abuses, 155

recommendations, 158–161

religion as cause of historical abuses, 155–156

processes

generally, 139–140

public hearings, 150

role of alleged perpetrators, 151

statement taking, 146–150

re-traumatisation, risk of, 280

victim-survivors and

participation by, 277

statement taking, 146–150

voice and advocacy, 140–142

Inquisition, 26

Institutionalisation

colonialism compared, 34

justifications for, 34

Magdalene Laundries, 37–38 (See also Magdalene Laundries)

maternity homes, 39–41 (See also Maternity homes)

poor houses, 33–34

psychological damage from, 57

residential schools, 34–37 (See also Residential schools)

victim-survivors, 57

of women, 34

workhouses, 33–34

Interactional reconciliation, 249–250

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 183

International Criminal Court (ICC), 188

Intersectionality, 83–84

Ireland

Adoption Act 1952, 53

apologies in, 240–241

churches and religious orders, 242, 244–245

generally, 247

list of, 309

Magdalene Laundries and, 240–241

maternity homes and, 241

residential schools and, 240

Catholic Church and, 99–100, 117, 122–123, 244–245

child sexual abuse in, 16–17, 46, 144, 173–176

Christian Brothers, 244

Clann Report, 140–141, 149

Cloyne Report, 176–188

Commission of Investigation into Mother and Baby Homes, 40, 64, 136, 138–158, 162

Criminal Injuries Compensation Authority (CICA), 142, 144–146, 152, 158, 162, 173, 200–201, 206

epistemic injustice in, 103

forced child removal and adoption in, 53

‘gag orders’ in, 269

Industrial Schools Act 1868, 35

inquiries in

commissioners, 142

findings, 152–153

generally, 136

list of, 291

public hearings, 150

recommendations, 138–158

specific forms of abuse, 144–145

statement taking, 148–149

sub-national level, 144

voice and advocacy, 140

Justice for Magdalenes, 140–141

litigation in, 173–176

Catholic Church, against, 167

child sexual abuse, 173–176

ECHR and, 175, 280

human rights law and, 174–175

limitation of actions, 168

UN Committee against Torture and, 174–175

victim-survivors, difficulties faced by, 174

Magdalene Laundries in, 38, 140–141, 144–145, 158, 162, 240–241, 244–245

Magdalene Restorative Justice Scheme, 201, 206, 208–210, 213–214

maternity homes in, 40, 64, 140–142, 149, 201, 241, 245

McAleese Inquiry, 144–145, 148, 158, 162, 201, 244–245

Murphy Report, 173, 175–176, 244

national and religious myth in, 99–100, 117, 216–217

Poor Relief (Ireland) Act 1838, 34

present-day consequences of historical-structural injustice in, 69

reconciliation in, 21, 268–269

“regime change” and, 16–17

reparations in

agency and, 206–207

epistemic injustice and, 212–213

generally, 200–201, 203, 208

list of, 306–308

maternity homes and, 201

national and religious myth and, 216–217

ontological power and, 214

scepticism regarding, 64

structure and, 209–211

Residential Institutions Redress Board (RIRB), 200–201, 203, 206–208, 211, 220

residential schools in, 35–36, 240

Ryan Commission, 150, 240, 244, 269

selection for study, 19–20

shame in, 122–123, 127

Sisters of Mercy, 244–245

state-building in, 127

transitional justice generally, 11, 16–17

truth and reconciliation commissions generally, 136

Jacobs, Jane, 235

Jaeggi, Rahel, 287

James, Matt, 146, 160–161, 232–233

John Paul II (Pope), 242

Johnson, Lyndon B., 161

Johnson, Miranda, 252

Jordan, Emma Coleman, 190

Joshi, Yuvraj, 190

Jubilee, 290

Jugov, Tamara, 90–91

Jung, Courtney, 254, 261

Kapur, Ratna, 104

Katznelson, Ira, 32

Kaufman, Fred, 204

Kearney, Richard, 288–289

Keating, Paul, 263

Kenny, Edna, 176–188, 240–241

Kenya, litigation in UK regarding colonialism in, 186–187

Kerr-Ritchie, Jeffrey, 218

Keynes, Matilda, 262

Kitchin, Rob, 93

Kizuk, Sarah, 121, 128–129

Koggel, Christine M., 147, 161

Koselleck, Reinhart, 65

Koskenniemi, Martti, 28

Kumar, Krishan, 96

Kundera, Milan, 95

Kuokkanen, Rauna, 183

Kuris, Tuğçe, 231–232

Laffoy, Mary, 142

LaPlante, Lisa, 215

Law. See also Litigation

emotions, relation to, 108–109, 113

epistemic injustice, relation to, 88–89

historical-structural injustice, role in addressing, 63–64, 288

Lawrence, Bonita, 43

Lawrence, Stephen, 159

Lazare, Aaron, 224

Ledyaev, Valeri, 82

Lewinsky, Monica, 267

Lickel, Brian, 130

Lightfoot, Sheryl, 261–262

Limitation of actions, 168

Litigation. See also specific country

achievements of, 194

agency and, 166–168

aggressive defence against, 167–168

fair trial concerns, 166

unincorporated associations, difficulty in suing, 166–167

canon law and, 165, 171, 175–176

civil liability, 165

civil litigation, 193–194

class actions, 168–169

criminal litigation, 193

critical legal studies (CLS), 172

damages, 165

epistemic injustice and, 169–170

forms of, 164–165

generally, 20, 164, 172–173

human rights law and, 165–166, 194–195

limitation of actions, 168

limitations of, 278

negligence, 165, 171

ontological power and, 170–172

canon law, 171

critical legal studies (CLS) and, 172

negligence, 171

vicarious liability, 171–172

reparations and, 200

structure and, 168–169

class actions, 168–169

limitation of actions, 168

vicarious liability, 165, 171–172, 186

victim-survivors

difficulties faced by, 174, 185

participation by, 277

Lotem, Itay, 159, 245

Lovelace, Sandra, 183

Lu, Catherine, 58, 61, 75, 78, 210, 250, 256, 273, 281

Lukes, Steven, 86

Lundy, Patricia, 101–102, 142, 149, 151, 225

Luoma, Colin, 145, 154

Lynch, Gordon, 51–53, 239, 289

Lynching, 45

Lytton, Timothy, 170

MacDonald, David, 260

Mackey, Eva, 98

Macklin, Jennifer, 235

Macoun, Alissa, 282, 288

Maddison, Sarah, 60, 255, 263, 265

Magdalene Laundries, 37–38

in Australia, 38

in Canada, 38

in Ireland, 38, 140–141, 144–145, 158, 162, 240–241, 244–245

shame and, 123

in UK, 37–38, 50, 141–142

in US, 38

Mahood, Linda, 38

Malaysia, litigation in UK regarding colonialism in, 187

Malinen, Antti, 120–121

Mamdani, Mahmood, 171, 289

Mantouvalou, Virginia, 59

Maroney, Terry, 108–109

Marrus, Michael, 242

Martin, Diarmuid, 244

Martin, Michael, 241

Maternity homes, 39–41

in Australia, 40–41, 122

in Canada, 39–40

in Ireland, 40, 64, 140–142, 149, 201, 241, 245

in UK, 39

in US, 39

Matsunaga, Jennifer, 204–212

Mazumder, Bhashkar, 68

McAlinden, Anne-Marie, 16–17, 112, 122–124, 224, 226, 229, 240, 244–245

McAulliffe, Pádraig, 13, 17, 100–101, 278

McConnell, Mitch, 64

McGettrick, Claire, 209, 214

McGovern, Mark, 101

McGregor, Caroline, 36

McKeown, Maeve, 60

McLachlan, Alice, 226, 229

McLaughlin, Eugene, 138

McMillan, Mark, 262, 264

McWhorter, Ladelle, 93

Meister, Robert, 290

Mercer, John, 187

Mihai, Mihaela, 115–116, 121, 229, 238

Miller, Zinaida, 64–65, 69, 79

Milotte, Mike, 53

Mills, Charles, 91

Minow, Martha, 225–226

Mohanty, Chandra Talpade, 83

Moon, Claire, 198

Moral progress, 287–288

Moreton-Robinson, Aileen, 216

Morgensen, Scott, 93

Morrison, Scott, 237, 243

Moses, A Dirk, 236

Mother and baby homes. See Maternity homes

Mouffe, Chantel, 256

Muldoon, Paul, 256

Mun, Cecelia, 125

Murdock, Esme, 16, 254–255

Murphy, Colleen, 15–16

Murray, Karen Bridget, 40

Myth. See National and religious myth

Nagy, Rosemary, 100, 184, 260–261

National and religious myth

apologies and, 227–228

in Australia, 98–99, 127–128, 157, 217

in Canada, 98, 156–157, 217

as cause of historical abuses, 155

colonialism and, 96–97

defined, 95

emotions, relation to, 116–117

epistemic injustice and, 95

generally, 19

inquiries and, 139

in Ireland, 99–100, 117, 216–217

need for revision

Christianity and, 282–283

historical-structural injustice, to address, 281–283

Indigenous peoples and, 282

Jubilee model, 290

negative aspects, incorporating, 289

unjust world, incorporating, 290

victim-survivors, incorporating, 289–290

ontological power and, 95

reification and, 95

reparations and, 216–220

settler colonialism and, 95–96

in UK, 96–97

in US, 97–98, 162, 192–193

violence, justifications for, 94–96, 100

Negligence, 165, 171

Nesiah, Vasuki, 77

Netherlands, restorative justice in, 271

Neuhäuser, Christian, 60–61, 63

New Zealand, restorative justice in, 271

Nicholas V (Pope), 30

Niezen, Ronald, 147, 151

Noll, Mark, 31–32

Novak, David, 246

Nussbaum, Martha, 116–117, 121–122

Nuti, Alasia, 59, 62–63, 65–66, 71

Obama, Barack, 231

O’Connor, Pam, 194

O’Donnell, Guillermo, 9–10

Ogden, Steve, 85, 89

O’Keeffe, Louise, 175

Ontological power, 92–94

apologies and, 227–229

biopower and, 92

civilising process and, 92–93, 126

emotions and, 111, 120–121

gender and, 93

generally, 19, 82–84

inquiries and, 139

litigation and, 170–172

canon law, 171

critical legal studies (CLS) and, 172

negligence, 171

vicarious liability, 171–172

national and religious myth and, 95

nationalism and, 92

race and, 93

reconciliation and, 251–252

reparations and, 214–216

restitution and, 198–199

settler colonialism and, 93

sex and, 93

shame and, 126–128

in Australia, 127–128

in Canada, 128

Catholic Church and, 128

chronic body shame, 126

civilising process and, 126

in Ireland, 127

state-building and, 126–127

transitional justice and, 103–104

Onwauchi-Willig, Angela, 189

Ordinary social change, 73

O’Sullivan, John, 97

Özsu, Umut, 155

Palmer, Jane, 265–266

Park, Augustine, 16, 279

Parker, Rebecca Ann, 27

Peace of Westphalia (1648), 26–27

Pembroke, Sinead, 148, 206, 212–213

Pennebaker, James W., 118

Pew Research Center, 68

Philpott, Daniel, 253

Pine, Emilie, 240

Pocock, Celmara, 265–266

Posner, Eric A, 11

Post-authoritarian societies, transitional justice in, 9–11

Post-conflict societies, transitional justice in, 9–11

Posthumus, Daniel, 143

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 112, 114

Power

as agency, 84–86 (See also Agency)

domination versus emancipation, 83–84, 104

emotions, relation to, 19, 109–111 (See also specific element of power)

epistemic power, 19, 82–83, 85–91 (See also Epistemic injustice)

generally, 19, 81, 104–105, 276

historical-structural injustice, relation to, 18, 75–77

intersectionality and, 83–84

multi-dimensional conceptions of, 82, 93–94

national and religious myth and (See National and religious myth)

ontological power, 92–94 (See also Ontological power)

power ‘over’, 82

power ‘to’, 82

power ‘with’, 82

as structure, 86–88 (See also Structure)

transitional justice, relation to

domination versus emancipation, 104

epistemic injustice and, 103

generally, 76–77

linear conception of history and, 104

ontological power and, 103–104

strengthening authority, danger of, 102–103

victim-survivor participation and, 101–102

Powers, Madison, 58–59, 63, 76–77, 89

Prasser, Scott, 135

Pritchard, Sarah, 215

Protestant Reformation, 26–27

Protevi, John, 108

Puritans, 97

Quartly, Marian, 228, 236–237

Race

as cause of historical abuses, 155

historical-structural injustice and, 59–60

lynching, 45

power, relation to, 93

reconciliation and, 255

sexual violence and, 44–45

slavery and, 31

theft of land and, 48–49

Radzik, Linda, 130

Rationality, emotions versus, 107

Reading, Anna, 198

Reconciliation. See also specific country

accountability distinguished, 249

agency and, 249–250

agonistic relationships and, 256–257

Catholic Church and, 270–272

churches and religious orders and, 255, 267, 273

coexistence distinguished, 249

colonialism and, 273

defined, 248–249

elements of, 254

emotions and, 114, 118–119, 251–252

as epiphenomenal, 252–253

epistemic injustice and, 250–252

existential reconciliation, 251–252

forgiveness distinguished, 249

gender and, 255–256

generally, 21, 248

Indigenous peoples and, 253–255

interactional reconciliation, 249–250

limitations of, 272–274, 279

ontological power and, 251–252

political disagreement and, 253

race and, 255

re-traumatisation, risk of, 280

scepticism regarding, 272

settler colonialism and, 253–255

states and, 273

structural reconciliation, 250, 252

symbolism, need for, 272–273

victim-survivor participation in, 277

women and, 255–256

Reddy, William, 115, 120

Redress. See Reparations

Regan, Paulette, 98, 158, 261

Reification, 76, 88–90

Reimer, Gwen, 204–205, 212

Reparations. See also specific country

agency and, 204–208

anti-systemic reparations, 199, 210

Catholic Church and, 201–202

commemorative reparations, 199–200

comprehensiveness, lack of, 209–210

defined, 196

descendants, extension to, 210–211

diachronic theory of, 200–215

emotions and, 113–114

epistemic injustice and, 211–213

ex gratia reparations, 200

financial compensation, 207

generally, 21, 196, 220–221, 277

as ‘hush money’, 199

Indigenous peoples and, 215–216

individualised schemes, 210

limitations of, 199, 221, 278

list of, 306–308

litigation and, 200

memorialisation, lack of, 214

national and religious myth and, 216–220

non-financial measures, 207–208

ontological power and, 214–216

restitution as, 196–197

re-traumatisation, risk of, 280

scepticism regarding, 64–65

settler colonialism and, 215–216, 220

slavery and, 190, 220–221

as sole mechanism for addressing abuses, 214

structure and, 208–211

symbolism, need for, 214–215

synchronic theory of, 199–200

transformative justice and, 221–222

victim-survivor participation in, 208–209, 221, 277

Repentance, shame versus, 130

Residential schools, 34–37

in Australia, 36

in Canada, 36–37, 43, 45–46, 50, 141, 160, 180–181, 232–234

Catholic Church and, 35–36

in Ireland, 35–36, 240

in UK, 34–35

in US, 37

Restitution

agency and, 197

epistemic injustice and, 198

ontological power and, 198–199

as reparations, 196–197

shame versus, 130–131

structure and, 197–198

Restorative justice

in Australia, 271

Catholic Church and, 8, 271

colonialism and, 14–15

defined, 7–8

inadequacy of, 8–9

Indigenous peoples and, 8, 14–15

sexual violence, inadequacy for, 8, 15

transformative justice compared, 14

transitional justice compared, 14

in US, 271

women, violence against, inadequacy for, 8

Re-traumatisation, 280

Retzinger, Suzanne, 124

Reynaud, Anne-Marie, 147–148

Rigney, Sophie, 262, 264

Rimé, Bernard, 114

Ring, Sinéad, 103, 125–127, 129–130, 136, 144, 147–148, 152–153, 173–174, 207, 213

Robins, Simon, 13, 102

Rolston, Bill, 139, 225

Rorty, Richard, 116

Rosenwein, Barbara, 115

Ross, Michael, 224

Rothstein, Richard, 49

Roxstrom, Eric, 247

Rudd, Kevin, 235–236

Ruether, Rosemary Radford, 95–96, 290

Ryan, Kevin, 34

Sandoval-Villalba, Clara, 73–74

Savile, Jimmy, 184–185

Scapegoating, 111, 278

Schaap, Andrew, 256

Scheer, Monique, 108

Scheff, Thomas, 124, 128

Schmitter, Phillipe, 9–10

Schumann, Karina, 224

Schwartz, Regina M, 89–90

Scraton, Phil, 139

Settler colonialism, 28–30

agency and, 84–85

apologies and, 228

Australia and, 16, 28

Canada and, 16, 28, 260

epistemic injustice and, 89

genocide and, 42

historical-structural injustice and, 59

national and religious myth and, 95–96

ontological power and, 93

reconciliation and, 253–255

reparations and, 215–216, 220

shame and, 128

slavery and, 30

theft of land and, 47

transitional justice and, 16

US and, 16, 28

Sexual violence

children (See Child sexual abuse)

Christianity, historical background of, 25

power, relation to, 84–85

race and, 44–45

restorative justice, inadequacy of, 8, 15

in US, 44–45

Shame

agency and, 123–124

apologies and, 229–230, 237–238

in Australia, 122, 127–128

in Canada, 128

Catholic Church and, 122–123, 128

child sexual abuse and, 122

danger of additional harm from use of, 128–130

defined, 121–122

epistemic injustice and, 125

generally, 18, 121–122, 131–132

guilt versus, 121, 130

in Ireland, 122–123, 127

Magdalene Laundries and, 123

ontological power and, 126–128 (See also Ontological power)

religious nature of, 123

repentance versus, 130

restitution versus, 130–131

settler colonialism and, 128

structure and, 124–125

Sharkey, Patrick, 68

Sharp, Dustin N, 72–73, 75

Shklar, Judith, 78, 120

Short, Damien, 236, 253–254, 263–265

Sinclair, Murray, 257

Sipe, AW Richard, 44, 85

Sköld, Johanna, 138, 151–152

Slavery, 30–33

abolitionism and, 31–32

Catholic Church and, 30

colonialism compared, 30

impact of, 56

Indigenous peoples and, 30–31

justifications for, 18, 30–33

as long-term structure, 65–66

power, relation to, 84–85

race and, 31

reparations and, 190, 220–221

settler colonialism and, 30

slave trade, 30

in UK, 238–239, 245, 247

in US (See United States)

white supremacy and, 31

Smart, Carol, 34

Smith, Adam, 107

Smith, Andrea, 44, 267–268

Smith, Colin, 174

Smith, James, 38

Smith, Renée, 267

Smyth, Nicholas, 78–79

Social change, 73–74, 76

Social ontology. See Ontological power

Solinger, Rickie, 39, 51

South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission, 113, 255

Spanish colonialism, 28

Spiritual abuse, 57

Spivak, Gayarti Chakrovarty, 90

Stannard, David, 42

Stanton, Kim, 136

Starblanket, Gina, 98

Starkey, Denise, 128

Strakosch, Elizabeth, 272

Stranger-Ross, Jordan, 232–233

Structural reconciliation, 250, 252

Structural social change, 73

Structure, 86–88

apologies and, 225–226

conflicts within structure versus conflicts about structure, 87

emotions and, 114–119

apologies and, 118–119

factors affecting, 117–118

generally, 110

national and religious myth and, 116–117

normative emotional culture and, 114–116

reconciliation and, 118–119

generally, 19, 82–83

inquiries and, 137–138

litigation and, 168–169

class actions, 168–169

limitation of actions, 168

reconciliation and, 250, 252

reparations and, 208–211

restitution and, 197–198

shame and, 124–125

structural conflict versus structural bias, 87

Stubbs, Julie, 8

Sunga, Seetal, 214–215

Swain, Shurlee, 33, 40–41, 52, 122, 138, 243

Symbolism

reconciliation, need for in, 272–273

reparations, need for in, 214–215

Tager, Midhael, 235

Tapsell, Kieran, 171

Tarusarira, Joram, 226

Tatz, Colin, 43

Taylor, David, 101–102

Teitel, Ruti, 15

Theft of land, 47–50

in Australia, 49–50, 177–178

in Canada, 49, 181–183

Indigenous peoples and, 47–50

race and, 48–49

settler colonialism and, 47

in US, 48–49, 191–193

Thirty Years War, 26–27

Thobani, Sunera, 98

Thomason, Krista, 128–129

Thompson, Janna, 199–215, 227

Thompson, Simon, 107, 118

Thornton, Russell, 42

Tombs, David, 255

Torpey, John, 199

Transformative justice

defined, 13

inadequacy of, 13

reparations and, 221–222

restorative justice compared, 14

strengthening authority, danger of, 102–103

transitional justice compared, 11–14, 69–70

Transitional justice

agency and (See Agency)

Christianity, applicability to, 17

continuing value of, 283–286

defined, 5

dimensions of, 9

elements of, 9

emotions, relation to, 78–79, 109

epistemic injustice and (See Epistemic injustice)

evolution of, 9–11

existential uncertainty and, 15–16

failures of, 275

as framework for addressing historical-structural injustice, 284

historical-structural injustice and (See Historical-structural injustice)

individualism and, 75

liberal democracies, applicability to, 15–17

limitations of, 279–280

as necessary but inadequate, 6, 21–22

normalised wrongdoing and, 15–16

ontological power and (See Ontological power)

in post-authoritarian societies, 9–11

in post-conflict societies, 9–11

power, relation to (See Power)

radical model of, 279

religion and

applicability to, 15–17

resistance to, 277–278

restorative justice compared, 14

settler colonialism and, 16

state-building and, 75

strengthening authority, danger of, 72–73, 102–103, 275, 279

structure and (See Structure)

transformative justice compared, 11–14, 69–70

transitioning to what, 285–286

uncertainty about authority and, 15–16

unifying function of, 277–284

universalism and, 75

Trauma, 112, 114

Trudeau, Justin, 234

Trump, Donald, 22

Truth and reconciliation commissions. See also specific country or commission

in Australia, 136

in Canada (See Canada)

in Ireland, 136

lack of definition, 136

in South Africa, 113

UN and, 136

Tsosie, Rebecca, 215–216

Tuck, Eve, 272

Tully, James, 257, 261

Turner, Catherine, 12, 75

Tyrell, Ian, 97–98

United Kingdom

Abolition of Slavery Act 1807, 238

apologies in, 238–239

churches and religious orders, 245–246

forced child removal and adoption and, 239

generally, 247

list of, 309

Northern Ireland and, 239, 245, 247

not deemed acceptance of liability, 225

slavery and, 238–239, 245, 247

Brexit, 22, 239

Children Act 1908, 35

child sexual abuse in, 46–47, 184–186, 202

Church of England, 245

Criminal Injuries Compensation Authority (CICA), 202–210

Cumberlege Review, 185–186

forced child removal and adoption in, 50–51, 53, 239

Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO), 187

Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse (IICSA), 141, 143–145, 149, 162, 185–186, 202–210

inquiries in

commissioners, 143

findings, 153

generally, 135–136

list of, 291

public hearings, 150

recommendations, 138–159

role of alleged perpetrators, 151

specific forms of abuse, 145

statement taking, 149

voice and advocacy, 141–142

Jersey, reparations in, 202, 211

Limitation Act 1980, 187

litigation in, 184–187

Catholic Church, against, 167

child sexual abuse, 184–186

colonialism and, 186–187

ECHR and, 187

limitation of actions, 168

vicarious liability, 186

victim-survivors, difficulties faced by, 185

Macpherson Report, 159

Magdalene Laundries in, 37–38, 50, 141–142

maternity homes in, 39

Metropolitan Police Service (MPS), 159, 184–185

national and religious myth in, 96–97

National Assistance Act 1948, 34

National Insurance Act 1946, 34

Nolan Report, 185

Northern Ireland

apologies and, 239, 245, 247

churches and religious orders, apologies and, 242

De Le Salle Brothers, 245

Hart Inquiry, 141–142, 149–150, 153, 239, 245

Historical Institutional Abuse Inquiry (HIAI), 141–142, 145, 151, 245

Magdalene Laundries in, 141–142

Mother and baby homes in, 141–142

Northern Ireland Historical Institutional Abuse Redress Board, 220

reconciliation and, 268–269

reparations and, 202, 206, 220

Sisters of Nazareth, 245

Truth Recovery Panel, 142

Operation Hydrant, 185

Operation Yewtree, 184–185

Overseas Operations (Service Personnel and Veterans) Act 2021, 187

poor houses in, 33–34

Poor Law 1531, 33

Poor Law 1647, 33

race, disproportionate level of harm and, 68

reconciliation in, 21, 269–270

reparations in

agency and, 205–206

CARICOM and, 219–220

generally, 202

list of, 306–308

residential schools in, 34–35

Rhodes Must Fall Movement, 22, 80

Scotland

churches and religious orders, apologies and, 242

reparations and, 202, 206, 211, 220

Scottish Child Abuse Inquiry, 143–145, 149

selection for study, 19–20

slavery in, 238–239, 245, 247

transitional justice generally, 17

unpaid labour in, 50

Victims’ Commission, 205

Victim-Survivors Consultative Panel, 141

Victim Survivors’ Forum, 141

‘Whig myth’, 96

workhouses in, 33–34

United Nations

Catholic Church and, 4

child sexual abuse and, 4

Committee against Torture, 140, 165, 174–175

Convention on Genocide, 154–155, 178–179

Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP), 183–184, 259

Human Rights Committee, 183

transitional justice and, 10

truth and reconciliation committees and, 136

United States

African Americans

apologies and, 231–232

disproportionate level of harm among, 67–68

‘Jim Crow’ and, 32–33, 56, 84–85, 145, 231–232, 266

litigation and, 188–190

lynching and, 45, 84–85

power, exclusion from, 87–88

reconciliation and, 266–268

reparations and, 190

school desegregation and, 189–190

sexual violence and, 44–45

theft of land and, 48–49

voter discrimination and, 190

American exceptionalism, 97–98

apologies in, 230–232

African Americans and, 231–232

churches and religious orders, 243

generally, 247

list of, 309

Native Americans and, 230–231

not deemed acceptance of liability, 225

slavery and, 231–232

Black Economic Development Conference, 218

Black Lives Matter, 80

Black Manifesto, 218

Black Panthers, 218

Black Radical Congress, 218

Brown decision, 189–190, 278

Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), 230

Capitol insurrection, 22

Causes and Context Report, 156

child sexual abuse in, 44, 141, 145, 188

Civil Rights Act of 1866, 32

Civil War, 31–32, 266

colonialism in, 28

Commission to Study Reparations Proposals for African Americans Act (proposed), 218–219

epistemic injustice in, 91

Fifteenth Amendment, 32, 266

forced child removal and adoption in, 51

Fourteenth Amendment, 32, 266

genocide in, 42

grand juries in

child sexual abuse and, 141

generally, 136

national and religious myth and, 162

public hearings, lack of, 150

Greensboro Truth and Reconciliation Commission, 151, 268

Indian Appropriations Act 1851, 48

Indian Appropriations Act 1871, 48

Indian Citizenship Act 1924, 42

Indian Claims Commission, 191, 207, 219

Indian Removal Act 1830, 48

inquiries in

commissioners, 143

findings, 153, 155

generally, 136

list of, 291

public hearings, 150

recommendations, 161

role of alleged perpetrators, 151

voice and advocacy, 141

‘Jim Crow’, 32–33, 56, 84–85, 145, 231–232, 266

Kerner Commission, 155, 161

Ku Klux Klan, 28–32

Ku Klux Klan Acts, 32

litigation in, 188–193

African Americans and, 188–190

child sexual abuse, 188

limitation of actions, 168

Native Americans and, 191–193

reparations and, 190

school desegregation and, 189–190

voter discrimination, 190

lynching in, 45, 84–85

Magdalene Laundries in, 38

Maine Wabanaki TRC, 153

manifest destiny, 97, 192–193, 231–232

maternity homes in, 39

national and religious myth in, 97–98, 162, 192–193

National Coalition of Blacks for Reparations in America, 218

Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA), 208

Native Americans

apologies and, 230–231

disproportionate level of harm among, 66–67

forced child removal and adoption and, 51

forced migration, 48

genocide and, 42

litigation and, 191–193

national and religious myth and, 192–193

reparations and, 219

reservations, 48–49

residential schools and, 37

slavery and, 30–31

sovereignty and, 191–192

theft of land and, 48–49, 191–193

New Deal, 32

present-day consequences of historical-structural injustice in, 69

President’s Initiative on Race, 266–268

Puritans and, 97

reconciliation in

African Americans and, 266–268

generally, 21

religion and, 267

Reconstruction, 32, 266

reparations in

agency and, 207–208

generally, 190, 202–203

list of, 306–308

Native Americans and, 219

scepticism regarding, 64

slavery and, 190, 217–219

residential schools in, 37

restorative justice in, 271

school desegregation in, 189–190

selection for study, 19–20

settler colonialism and, 16, 28

sexual violence in, 44–45

slavery in

abolitionism, 31–32

apologies and, 231–232

impact of, 56

as long-term structure, 65–66

power, relation to, 84–85

reparations and, 190, 217–219

white supremacy, 31

Southern Baptist Convention, 243

Southern Homestead Act 1866, 218

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, 218

Survivors Network of those Abused by Priests (SNAP), 141, 188

theft of land in, 48–49, 191–193

Thirteenth Amendment, 32, 266

transitional justice generally, 11

United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB), 188, 243

voter discrimination in, 190

Unpaid labour, 50

in Australia, 50

in Canada, 50

in UK, 50

Unrepentant justice, 6, 275

Urban II (Pope), 25–26

Ure, Michael, 139, 252

Veracini, Lorenzo, 89

Verdeja, Ernesto, 250–251, 253–254, 256–257, 268

Vermeule, Adrian, 11

Verwoerd, Wilhelm, 229

Vicarious liability, 165, 171–172, 186

Victim-survivors

apologies, participation in, 277

child sexual abuse, 56

collaboration and, 101–102

defined, 4

forced child removal and adoption, 56–57

Indigenous peoples as, 56

inquiries and

participation in, 277

statement taking, 146–150

voice and advocacy, 140–142

institutionalisation, 57

knowledge and experience of, 288–289

litigation and

difficulties faced in, 174, 185

participation in, 277

lived experiences of, 55–57

national and religious myth, incorporating in, 289–290

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and, 112, 114

reconciliation, participation in, 277

reparations, participation in, 208–209, 221, 277

transitional justice, participation in, 101–102

trauma and, 112, 114

victim-survivor centred approach, 57

Violence

child sexual abuse (See Child sexual abuse)

Christianity, historical background, 24–27

colonialism and, 27–30 (See also Colonialism)

forced child removal and adoption as, 50–51 (See also Forced child removal and adoption)

generally, 18, 24, 54, 276

genocide, 41–43 (See also Genocide)

institutionalisation as, 33–34 (See also Institutionalisation)

national and religious myth as justifications for, 94–96, 100

power, relation to, 84–85

sexual violence (See Sexual violence)

slavery and, 30–33 (See also Slavery)

theft of land as, 47–50 (See also Theft of land)

unpaid labour as, 50 (See also Unpaid labour)

against women

Christianity, historical background of, 26

heresy and, 26

restorative justice, inadequacy of, 8

witchcraft and, 26

Virginia Company, 28

Wakeham, Pauline, 234, 257

Waldron, Jeremy, 64

Wall, Patrick J., 44

Walzer, Michael, 287

Ward, Russell, 99

Waterton, Emma, 239

Welch, David, 78

Welfare, historical-structural injustice and, 59

White, Anthea Butler, 243, 267

White supremacy

historical-structural injustice and, 59

slavery and, 31

Whyte, Kyle Powys, 254–255

Wilkins, Dvaid, 211

Wilkinson, Charles F., 191

Williams, Patricia, 172

Williams, Rowan, 282–283

Wilson, Richard, 108

Wilson, Ross, 239

Wink, Walter, 100

Winter, Stephen, 16, 74, 104, 112, 171–172, 208–209, 225, 284–285

Wolfe, Patrick, 28–29, 59, 88

Women

historical-structural injustice and, 59

institutionalisation of, 34

reconciliation and, 255–256

violence against

Christianity, historical background of, 26

heresy and, 26

restorative justice, inadequacy of, 8

witchcraft and, 26

Woolford, Andrew, 154

Wright, Katie, 138, 146–147, 152

Yamamoto, Eric, 266

Yang, K. Wayne, 272

Young, Iris, 58–62, 71, 76, 78–79, 86

Ypi, Lea, 90–91

Zakai, Avihu, 97

Zanghellini, Aleardo, 256, 271

Zheng, Robin, 61, 76

Zolkos, Magdalena, 221

Zvobgo, Kelebogile, 143

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