Introduction
Candida auris is an emerging pathogen with a propensity to cause life-threatening infections in vulnerable patients.Reference Allert, Schulz, Kämmer, Großmann, Wolf and Schäuble1,Reference Sanyaolu, Okorie, Marinkovic, Abbasi, Prakash and Mangat2 We describe a biphasic Candida auris outbreak on our 8-bed inpatient burn unit over 8 months.
Methods
A Candida auris outbreak occurred in our Surgical Trauma Intensive Care Unit (STICU) in early 2023. Within one month, C. auris was identified in the Burn ICU (BICU). The facility is an 865-bed tertiary care center and ICUs are on different floors. The same providers work in both units. During this period, no patients were transferred from the STICU to the BICU. The clusters of C. auris occurred in the context of regional outbreaks of C. auris in other hospitals and post-acute care facilities.
The index patient in the BICU was identified when a tissue culture grew C. auris. Since the index patient had a prolonged hospitalization, point prevalence testing (PPT) was conducted. Testing was performed by skin swab of the bilateral axilla and groin with specimens sent to the health department for reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing for C. auris. Testing was requested for all patients in the BICU weekly for 4 weeks and identified 1 colonized patient. Reference Sanyaolu, Okorie, Marinkovic, Abbasi, Prakash and Mangat2 The PPT in the BICU was stopped when two consecutive weeks were negative. The cluster was considered resolved, and both patients were discharged. The STICU had a simultaneous outbreak, overlapping with phase 1, with 7 patients positive on PPT which resolved before phase two.
A second phase of the outbreak occurred 4 months later when a clinical culture grew C. auris. Reference Lowe, Willey, O’Shaughnessy, Lee, Lum and Pike3 Prior to testing positive for C. auris, patient 3 was under expanded contact precautions (providers changed into clean hospital scrubs for entry) due to the vulnerability of the specialized skin grafts. Point prevalence testing began again in the BICU, with two additional colonized patients Reference Alanio, Snell, Cordier, Desnos-Olivier, Dellière and Aissaoui4,Reference Patterson, Wyncoll, Patel, Ceesay, Newsholme and Chand5 identified. Weekly PPT continued in the BICU until two consecutive weeks were negative.
Historically, the BICU used a universal contact precaution strategy with gown and glove use. This was stopped during the COVID-19 Pandemic in early 2020 and not resumed until the second phase of the C. auris outbreak.
During the outbreak, infection prevention interventions included: strict contact isolation of all infected or colonized patients with door monitors to enforce adherence, enhanced environmental cleaning of common areas and rooms with a hydrogen-peroxide-peracetic acid combination, which is on the Environmental Protection Agency’s list of P Agents that are active against C. auris. The floors were cleaned with detergent. For rooms housing a C. auris infected/colonized patient, the floors were cleaned with a hydrogen-peroxide-peracetic acid solution and the floor with detergent. Infection preventionists directly observed terminal cleaning using a hydrogen-peroxide-peracetic acid combination for the room and floors. Cleaning was validated with adenosine triphosphate (ATP) testing before ultraviolet wavelength C (UVC) light treatment with Tru-D® UVC disinfection system and approval for room turnover. If ATP testing failed, the room was re-cleaned until it passed. For terminal cleaning of any isolation room, all supplies in the carts were discarded, carts thoroughly cleaned, and curtains changed.
Seven months after patient #1 was identified, due to the persistent outbreak, environmental samples were collected from the sinks and floor drains of all patient rooms and the procedure room in the BICU using an EswabTM. Cultures were incubated using ChromAgarTM C. auris selective media. These areas were cultured because it was hypothesized that C. auris can persist in plumbing, similar to gram-negative rods. Reference Lowe, Willey, O’Shaughnessy, Lee, Lum and Pike3 Due to limited resources, environmental cultures were restricted to these areas.
Results/case series
Patient 1
This patient presented with >60% total body surface area (TBSA burns), initially treated at an outside center, discharged to a rehabilitation facility, and then admitted to our facility for poor wound healing. The C. auris burden at the outside burn center is unknown.
She required multiple procedures, devices, and antimicrobials. On hospital day (HD) 37 a polymicrobial tissue debridement was positive for C. auris (Micafungin mean inhibitory concentration (MIC) 0.12 ug/ml, Posaconazole MIC 0.12 ug/ml, Voriconazole MIC 2.0 ug/ml).
She received Posaconazole and then Micafungin for 14 days. On HD132, she was discharged with no known additional infectious complications.
Patient 2
Six weeks after patient 1 was admitted, patient 2 was admitted from home with <10% TBSA burns. He required multiple procedures. On HD5, he screened positive for C. auris during the first phase of PPT.
The patient was on broad-spectrum antimicrobials and had multiple indwelling devices. He did not require any treatment for C. auris, was discharged on HD49, and has not had complications related to C. auris.
Patient 3
Patient 3 presented from home after sustaining >60% TBSA burn requiring multiple procedures and expanded contact precautions to protect the specialized skin grafts in place. He required prolonged antimicrobials.
Six months after admission, and 4 months after phase one of the outbreak resolved, a polymicrobial wound grew C. auris (Posaconazole MIC 0.5 ug/ml, Voriconazole 2.0 ug/ml). He was treated with Micafungin and Posaconazole for two weeks without any additional complications related to C. auris.
Patient 4
Patient 4 was admitted to the same room previously housing patient 1 after sustaining >3% TBSA burns. On HD30, he screened positive for C. auris during phase two PPT. He was on broad-spectrum antibiotics. On HD35, a polymicrobial tissue culture grew C. auris (Voriconazole MIC 4.0 ug/ml). He was discharged on 6 weeks of Micafungin for treatment of C. auris osteomyelitis without further C. auris complications.
Patient 5
Patient 5 was admitted with burns to both feet. On HD17, he tested positive for C. auris via phase two PPT, while roomed next to patient 4. Before screening, he was on broad-spectrum antibiotics for tissue and bone infections. He underwent multiple debridement procedures. He remains without C. auris infection.
Environmental samples
C. auris was detected from the floor drain of the room used by patients 1 and 4. A cover was subsequently placed over the floor drains in all patient rooms of the burn unit.
Discussion
We describe five patients testing positive for Candida auris while hospitalized in a Burn ICU. All patients had multiple risk factors for C. auris acquisition.
Patient 3 developed candidiasis approximately two months after the last negative PPT in phase one of the outbreak. Late presentation of C. auris infection was concerning for unit transmission despite intensive infection control measures. Delayed colonization despite multiple negative PPTs was reported previously in a burn ICU. Reference Alanio, Snell, Cordier, Desnos-Olivier, Dellière and Aissaoui4 The biphasic timeline suggests an environmental reservoir as reported by other centers. Reference Patterson, Wyncoll, Patel, Ceesay, Newsholme and Chand5 The drain from the room previously housing patient 1, then patient 4, remained positive for C. auris 4 months after discharge and might represent an environmental reservoir. This provides additional evidence that C. auris behaves similarly to gram-negative rods in healthcare settings, colonizing water sources and persisting despite cleaning efforts.
We are limited by a lack of access to genomic sequencing but have epidemiologic evidence of unit-acquired colonization and progression to infection despite aggressive infection control measures of enhanced contact isolation and environmental cleaning. Others have reported transmission of C. auris in the setting of environmental contamination of the affected patient room despite following recommended cleaning processes. Reference Lowe, Willey, O’Shaughnessy, Lee, Lum and Pike3 These findings emphasize the importance of frequent hand hygiene and repeated environmental cleaning to prevent transmission from environmental reservoirs.
We warn institutions that patients can acquire Candida auris after initial screening tests are negative and positive patients are discharged. Institutions should consider screening patients in units where C. auris is detected, and those being admitted from other healthcare facilities if C. auris is present in the region. 6 Once C. auris is detected in a facility, longstanding environmental contamination despite cleaning processes should be assumed until more information on the drivers of biphasic or relapsing outbreaks is available.
Acknowledgments
None.
Financial support
None.
Competing interests
M.F. reports having received grant support from PolyNovo.
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