Leveraging a History of Successful Technology Translation via Academic–Industry Partnerships

Through an intentional focus on innovation, invention, and impact, Purdue technologies have been commercialized in the USA and used globally in more than 100 countries, to the benefit of millions of people (https://www.prf.org/otc/). For a number of years, Purdue has led all public academic institutions in commercialization of technologies, ranking first nationally among universities without a medical school, and 12^th overall for “Best Universities for Technology Transfer” [Reference DeVol, Lee and Ratnatunga8].

Purdue’s Office of Technology Commercialization (OTC), one of the most advanced technology transfer systems associated with academic institutions in the USA [Reference DeVol, Lee and Ratnatunga8], operates with a “goal to help society live healthier, happier, longer lives.” OTC provides legal, business, and commercialization advice and direct support to student, staff, and faculty investigators. The Purdue Foundry is another essential component of the technology translation and commercialization ecosystem. The Foundry provides immediate and accessible guidance and support for investigators and technology developers who are novices in entrepreneurship through interactions with experts in venture capital and business development and entrepreneurs in residence.

Among the leaders in technology transfer at Purdue, the Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering develops more than half of the over 100 US patents successfully licensed to company partners, and more than 25 related technology start-ups raising in excess of $75 million in venture capital. Although the medical technologies resulting from this substantial transfer have touched over 2 million patients worldwide, the full capacity for clinical translation has not yet been reached.

Leveraging the Engineering – Medicine Partnership of the Indiana CTSI

Strategically, to develop the highest level of translational impact, the Purdue College of Engineering and Indiana University School of Medicine (IUSM) have established an important partnership that leverages the strengths of technology development and clinical research. Recent record-setting research and facilities growth at both institutions have positioned the IUSM and Purdue engineering partnership to be one of the most productive translational research enterprises in the world. MTAP represents a central component of the innovation ecosystem linking these two institutions – providing essential support for medical technology design, development, and translation.

Developing a Model for Overcoming Challenges to Translation

In 2000, Balas and Boren [Reference Balas, Boren, Bemmel and McCray9] reported an average translation time of 17 years from biomedical research to clinical practice, prompting research into understanding the challenges to translation and identifying potential solutions. A report of the National Evaluators Survey, established by a coalition of CTSA evaluators, studied the implementation of various methods for the evaluation of advancing translation by the over 60 CTSA programs in 2012 and found significant variation in strategies and methods across programs [Reference Kane, Alexander, Hogle, Parsons and Phelps10]. Analysis has indicated a significant shortfall of programs providing regulatory education, which has proven increasingly deleterious for rapidly expanding translational research programs with limited access to this specialized training [Reference Richmond and Church11]. Therefore, MTAP was developed to include essential regulatory education alongside core technical support with the intent of advancing medical technologies through all stages of translation.

Key Challenges Identified

Regulatory training

Regulatory knowledge and support has been identified as one of the key barriers to actual translation to clinical practice. In 2014, 56% of translational research hubs indicated some type of regulatory support for investigators related to investigational new drugs and device regulations (IND/IDE) through online training [Reference Holbein, Berglund and O’Reilly15]. Regulatory educational support is considered a minimum for investigators considering device translation. In 2015, the European Society for Biomaterials held a Translational Research Symposium that gathered many different perspectives to focus on “Innovating in the Medical Device Industry – Challenges & Opportunities” [Reference Bayon, Bohner and Eglin16]. The slow translation of novel biomaterials post preclinical testing was understood to be related to onerous regulatory hurdles that were challenging to strategically navigate by innovators. They also recognized the need to develop more collaborative efforts in translation that engage technology innovators with clinical investigators and experienced medical device and biotechnology industries. To address this need, MTAP established three specific courses for training investigators in regulatory affairs and regulatory science. These courses, which cover the full life cycle of medical technology development including preclinical and clinical testing strategies, regulatory clearance and approvals, and quality systems for manufacturing and post-market surveillance, are centered on expertise from the medical device and biotechnology industries. Table 1 describes the learning outcomes associated with each course.

Table 1. Medical Technology Advance Program regulatory courses and learning outcomes

A New Training Paradigm for Investigators who are Technology Translators

Creation of MTAP in 2008 was based on the challenges recognized for investigators seeking to translate technology, the growing needs of technology innovation projects in the Indiana CTSI, and an informal assessment of available key technical and educational resources at Purdue that could be rapidly deployed and made available to investigators. Five technical resource areas were examined, selected, and improved under Indiana CTSI guidance. In addition, these technical resources were supplemented with five courses in three educational resource areas to fill the support gap in training and address the identified challenges in ethics, entrepreneurship, and regulatory knowledge and application (Fig. 2). The two courses in the early technology development stage, Biomedical Entrepreneurship and Ethical Development of Medical Technologies, had been initiated a few years prior, and the three regulatory courses focused on medical technologies were developed and initiated in alignment with MTAP. Each of the technical resources were assembled as part of MTAP formulation from existing technical staff and facilities across multiple colleges and centers of Purdue University. MTAP resource areas are staffed by more than a dozen faculty and staff members with specific expertise. Direct funding from the Indiana CTSI grant/cost share covers 1.5 FTE spread across seven key lead positions. Two professors with expertise in biomedical engineering and pharmacy are co-directors at 0.15 FTE each. Four other faculty and staff with expertise in engineering prototyping, preclinical studies, veterinary pathology, and regulatory science support the MTAP at 0.20 FTE each, and one administrative support staff provided at 0.40 FTE. All technical and educational resources are provided to Indiana CTSI investigators without charge.

Technical Resource Support Areas

1. 1. Design, Prototyping, and Evaluation – this resource provides the engineering backbone to MTAP over the macro- to microscale. A senior electrical engineer and senior mechanical engineer, with over 40 combined years of medical device design experience, lead the resource. This resource accomplishes device design, prototyping, bench-top evaluation, and subsequent device refinement and packaging.

2. 2. Bionano-technology and Therapeutics Development – this novel resource led by a professor of pharmacy and biomedical engineering is the correlate for technology projects at the nanoscale. The resource leverages the unique capabilities of the Birck Nanotechnology Center in the Purdue Discovery Park to construct and measure nanomaterials, develop targeting approaches for novel therapeutics, and perform in vitro studies of nanomaterial interactions with cells and tissues. Specific expertise includes the development of smart drug delivery devices and related platform technologies.

3. 3. Preclinical Studies, Planning, & Implementation – this resource for study design and implementation is supported by facilities in two locations within the Purdue College of Veterinary Medicine and the Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering. The resource is jointly led by a professional biomedical engineer and a professor of veterinary surgery. This is, to date, the most widely used resource owing in part to the wide range of animal models available and the extensive history and expertise in medical device testing therein.

4. 4. Histology & Phenotyping – this resource is led by a clinical veterinary pathologist who has extensive experience with implantable device evaluation. The resource, based within the Purdue College of Veterinary Medicine, is utilized for understanding tissue responses to implants and measurements of preclinical outcomes. The resource has full soft and hard tissue capabilities as well as toxicology and infectious disease functionality.

5. 5. Veterinary Clinical Trials – this resource, also based in the small and large animal clinics of Purdue College of Veterinary Medicine, utilizes spontaneous, naturally occurring disease models for the study of device interventions in a wide range of pathologies. It allows for the study of chronic diseases as well as long-term device interventions.

Educational Resource Support Areas:

1. 1. Biomedical Entrepreneurship – this resource includes a course developed in partnership with content experts from several medical device industries along with faculty members in the Purdue Schools of Management and Biomedical Engineering. Biomedical Entrepreneurship covers issues of entrepreneurship, IP, and commercialization of biomedical technologies and builds on a foundational course in clinical needs finding and customer discovery for medical technology development offered through Purdue School of Management and as part of the Mid-West hub of I-CORP, supported by the National Science Foundation.

2. 2. Ethical Development of Medical Technology – this resource includes a course covering ethical issues across the stages of medical technology development. The course in ethical design, development, and deployment of medical technologies is taught by faculty in biomedical engineering and in the medical technology industry and builds on a foundational course in responsible conduct of research. It covers a wide range of cases covering medical technology translation, along with relevant ethical theory, bioethics principles, and ethical analysis tools for investigators to apply directly to their translational project. Guest instructors include professionals in the medical technology industry, bioethicists, and clinical and translational researchers.

3. 3. Regulatory Affairs and Regulatory Science for Medical Device Evaluation and Translation – this resource includes three courses (Table 1) that were developed in partnership with content experts from the medical devices and biotechnology industries as well as from the US Food & Drug Administration (FDA). The courses cover the life cycle of medical technologies and provide both essential theoretical content, practical skills development, and regulatory science training for engaging with regulatory agencies in the USA and globally. The three courses cover preclinical and clinical study design, regulatory clearances and approvals, and regulatory compliance and quality manufacturing systems for medical devices. In addition to core regulatory affairs knowledge necessary to bring medical devices to market, students are also trained in regulatory science to enable them to develop optimal approaches to assess the safety and effectiveness of new medical technologies. All of the educational resources are offered yearly through both on-campus and online options. Investigators can access the courses at any time they feel the classes would be of benefit to their research program.

Resource Planning and Integration

A seven-stage project development template was implemented in MTAP to coordinate and integrate resources and to sensitize and advise investigators about likely downstream needs and potential pitfalls. The stages and their alignment with resources are shown in Table 2.

Table 2. 7 Stages of project development aligned with resources and translational stages

Since 2008, 190 projects have been assisted. Although projects with potential for clinical translation are accepted at all stages of early development, most fall within stages 2–6 at the time of engagement with MTAP. Most often, projects engage with MTAP through direction and connection of the Indiana CTSI Navigators or Project Development Teams on each campus that evaluate project needs for additional support. However, we have found that, due to the iterative nature of innovation, often requiring a step back in order to move forward, MTAP assistance has rarely advanced an investigator neatly across the stages of translation, and often a project will return for MTAP support once other hurdles are passed. Importantly, MTAP seeks to provide guidance and support early in the project development in order to help investigators plan ahead, identify, and ideally avoid potential pitfalls as they traverse the translational valleys of death (Fig. 1).

Many of the projects were highly collaborative in nature with one-third being of an interdepartmental or inter-institutional nature. Initially, many of the projects had critical, challenging technical or preclinical needs and thus were focused within one stage of technology development. More recently, almost 30 of the most promising projects have moved through at least 1 development stage toward results suitable for inclusion in FDA submissions. The overwhelming majority of projects yielded data as part of a larger research effort as reflected in 129 reported scientific publications, 20 reported conference presentations, 5 reported IP filings, and 3 reported textbook contributions. The types of technologies supported by MTAP based on publications include

1. 1. Drug delivery, nanoparticles, and other therapeutic technologies (39%);

2. 2. Devices, biomaterials, and tissue engineering technologies (29%);

3. 3. Magnetic resonance imaging and other imaging technologies (22%);

4. 4. Diagnostics, biosensors, and signal processing technologies (20%).

These data do not include internal IP disclosures, transmission of results directly to a local or regional company partner, or other deliverables not reported back to our program.

Case Example 1: With an NIH grant to investigate if external cues could be used to improve the loudness and pace of speech in patients suffering from Parkinson’s disease, Dr. Huber found that a natural external cue stimulated patients to produce a higher intensity voice with more normal physiologic function. She was directed to MTAP with an idea for a therapeutic technology. A first-generation prototype device was designed and constructed with support from MTAP Design, Prototyping, and Evaluation core. Powered by a battery and micro-computer worn with a belt clip, the device resides at the external auditory canal of the patient and emits noise when the patient talks thereby encouraging louder speech. With multistage support from MTAP, the device, named “SpeechVive,” was advanced to a 38-patient study evaluating clinical use. A behind-the-ear model has been designed and is being manufactured for use in a large multi-site clinical trial. This novel technology [Reference Stathopoulos, Huber and Richardson24] has the strong potential to greatly enhance the quality of life in patients with Parkinson’s disease. The technology is licensed through the Purdue Office of Technology Commercialization and is being sold in 20 states.

Case Example 2: While detection methods for food-borne pathogens are available, all require days. An effective prevention strategy requires that the pathogens be detected in less than one 8-hour work shift. Professor Ladisch engaged the technical design and development resources of MTAP to develop a solution to this challenging problem. The team together with the Design, Prototyping, and Evaluation core developed a novel microfiltration system that utilizes nanopore membranes to concentrate pathogens rapidly. Through numerous design iterations and detailed evaluations through all seven stages of project development, previously confounding issues such as pore blockage and cavity fouling were overcome, yielding a high-throughput approach with two orders of magnitude pathogen concentration amplification to detectable levels for routine assays. A working, computer-controlled prototype of the pathogen amplification system was then entered into the FDA Food Safety Challenge. The system designed with MTAP support won the $300,000 first prize. The prize gave the team members unprecedented and ongoing access to FDA scientists to target current efforts to meet the needs of the FDA laboratories across the country that are responsible for detecting pathogens in our food supply [Reference Ku, Ximenes and Kreke25]. With pertinent intellectual property protection recently secured and the needs of the FDA in mind, licensing negotiations to produce the first generation of the system are well underway.

Successful Industry – Academic Partnerships

An essential component of this novel paradigm for investigator training and technical resourcing is the integration of expertise from the medical device and biotechnologies industries. Such experts provide years of experience with technology development, nonclinical and clinical evaluations, regulatory approvals, and commercialization strategies.

Industry partners regularly contribute their expertise on these topics through coursework by discussing real-world examples, experiences, and case studies. The industry experts are primarily from local and regional medical device and biotechnology companies. In 2019, Indiana had the fifth largest medical devices sector in the USA with over 275 establishments in the state [26]. Many of these participating partner companies reside locally in the Purdue Research Park, which is one of the oldest, largest, and most successful university-associated research parks in the USA, with well over 200 companies and 4000 employees [Reference Hobbs, Link and Shelton27,Reference Link, Amoroso, Link and Wright28].

Access for All Investigators

Advertising the specialized capabilities of MTAP is accomplished via the creation of an electronic brochure with dissemination to faculty members, postdoctoral fellows, staff members, and graduate students at Indiana CTSI institutions – Indiana University, Purdue University, and the University of Notre Dame. Such efforts are followed by the posting of key information and points of contact on the Indiana CTSI website, along with numerous presentations and posters at Indiana CTSI-sponsored workshops, and by word of mouth.