Index
accountability of IOM, 4, 5, 16, , 37
absence of external accountability mechanisms, 98
accountability deficit,
constitutional reform, and, 40
difficulties of holding IOM to account,
employer, accountability of IOM as,
Ethics and Conduct Office, 99
expansion of IOM, and,
human rights
humanitarian policy, 323
indirect modes of holding IOM to account,
internal mechanisms,
IOM purposes and functions, shifting conceptions of,
Office of the Inspector-General, 98
advocacy NGOs, role of, 420
disengagement of advocacy NGOs from IOM, reasons for,
dependency on IOM as data source and gatekeeper,
institutional developments and diverse accountability standards,
IOM mandate and structure, NGO accountability efforts and,
interactions of advocacy NGOs with IOM,
contrasting engagements with IOM and UNHCR,
modest but increased attention,
reduced attention,
IOM
accountability,
extent of scrutiny,
strengthening contributions to IOM accountability,
Agreement concerning the Relationship between the United Nations and the International Organization for Migration. See 2016 Agreement
Amnesty International
Australia’s practice of mandatory detention, 378
concerns about IOM activities, 112
detention of migrants and refugees in Libya, 385
IDPs in Haiti,
importance of, 423
IOM data, use of,
reports under-examining IOM,
scrutiny of IOM,
reduction in,
ARIO, 18, 68, 80,
attribution, 96
AVR, and, 399
IO accountability for wrongful acts,
private individuals, and,
Australia
AVR, 33, 71, , 228, 373, 393,
ATD, AVR as,
detention, and,
European countries, from, 433
financial incentives, 417
freedom of choice,
lessons from other areas of law,
NA v Finland (ECtHR),
information, , 419
IOM, and, ,
assessing success of programmes,
consent and voluntariness as process,
definition of AVR,
IOM Framework for Assisted Voluntary Return and Reintegration, 401
need for staff training and support, 417
Policy on the Full Spectrum of Return, Readmission and Reintegration (2021), 400
reform, need for,
voluntariness, 116, ,
Iraq, 355
Libya, migrants from,
major human rights concerns, 433
migrants’ wish to return,
nature of, 397
VHR, and,
voluntary under compulsion returns, 116
climate change and migration, 3,
Climate Change, Environment and Migration Alliance (CCEMA),
IOM and climate change,
attempted mandate change,
mandate change,
natural disasters and humanitarian operations,
operational expansion,
secretariat staff led expansion,
Nansen Initiative’s Agenda for the Protection of Cross-Border Displaced Persons in the Context of Disasters and Climate Change, 226, 323
obligations in IOM,
financing,
mandate,
obligations in IOs,
working group on climate change in IASC,
cluster approach, 247, 255, 319, 328,
assisting IDPs outside camps, 348
durable solutions, 348
Haiti
camp closures,
camp coordination and management, in,
Constitution of IOM, , 15, , , 300
adoption of first Constitution, 5
deferring status rights questions to host states,
fundamental obligations of IOM to member states,
immunities,
IOM Council voting requirements, 183
limits of, 17
PICMME renamed as ICEM, 5
UN Charter, and, 67, ,
Covention on the Rights of the Child, 152
COVID-19 pandemic
detention of refugees and migrants, and, 368
IOM Global Strategic Preparedness and response Plan, 210
IOM mapping COVID19-related travel restrictions, 249
securitization of borders, and, 184
critical junctures,
data collection, 3, 143,
biometric data, 235
data responsibility,
‘datafication of migration’ to need for data responsibility in migration and displacement,
DSEG Framework for the Ethical Use of Advanced Data Science Methods in the Humanitarian Sector, 266
DTM, 236, 238,
core humanitarian function,
data collection and quality,
demand-driven and service-oriented nature of, 237
expansion of,
flow monitoring,
IDP figures,
institutional set-up and funding,
key components, 246
origins and evolution,
surveys, 248
DTM data, political functions of,
‘mobility tracking’ in Haiti,
DTM flow monitoring’ in West and Central Africa,
Global Migration Data Analysis Centre (GMDAC), 244
IOM Data Protection Manual (2010),
IOM Data Protection Principles (2009), 99,
Joint IDP Profiling Service (JIPS), 245
key service of IOM, as, 235
market for migration and displacement data, IOM and,
Mixed Migration Centre (MMC), 245
OCHA Centre for Humanitarian Data, 245
REACH,
recommendations for reform,
risks and pathologies,
crowding out development-oriented data collectors,
‘erasure’ of populations with enduring needs, 262
feeding into perceptions of migration as threat,
fitness for pupose of IOM’s data protection standards,
insufficient data protection in field settings data,
statistical information about migration, 235
World Bank-UNHCR Joint Data Center on Forced Displacement (JDC), 245
detention centres, 20
Amnesty International report on Libya, 385
asylum seekers, detention of, 372
AVR, and, ,
circumstances permitting detention,
constitutional and institutional reform, need for,
GCM, and,
international human rights law, detention and,
IOM
bringing centres into line with international standards, 114
Global Compact Thematic Paper on Detention and Alternatives to Detention,
human rights and humanitarianism,
Indonesian detention centres supporting,
normative role on immigration detention,
working in, 101
Libya, 23
operational practices of IOM, 104,
Australian-funded immigration detention in Indonesia,
detention in Libya, EU containment practices and,
US interdiction and detention in Caribbean,
service provision in, 10
states’ detention ‘prerogative’ and IOM,
voluntary humanitarian return’ (VHR), and, 388
displacement
domestic courts,
durable solutions for migration
camp closures, and, 259
complex challenges of supporting, 257
data
constructing disconnected narrative of progress, and, 259
DTMproviding information on IDP’s access to durable solutions, 263
need for comprehensive profiling exercise of IDPs, 348
need for high quality disaggregated data on displaced populations, 263
IOM
Haiti, and,
policies and frameworks,
JIPS, targeted profiling exercises with IDPs and host communities, and, 245
East Timor
IOM in, 201
ethical labor recruitment and IOM, 15, 38,
approach to labor migration by IOM,
case study,
Guatemala-Quebec labour program,
IOM as ‘UN Migration’,
IOM Corporate Responsibility in Eliminating Slavery and Trafficking (CREST) Initiative, 287
IRIS, 29,
abdicating state responsibility to protect migrant workers’ rights,
better direction,
capacity-building, 287
challenges and opportunities for rights-based approach,
GCM Objective 6, and,
Global Policy Network on Recruitment 2020(GPN),
IRIS certification, , 294
IRIS Standard, 283,
Migrant Worker Voice and Engagement,
perils of governance by audit,
reasons for establishing, 272
labor migration governance, IOM and,
Leadership Group for Responsible Recruitment, 287
migration optimists, ,
Montreal Recommendations,
European Union (EU)
European Data Protection Supervisor (EDPS), 265
externalization practices in Libya, IOM facilitating, 144,
GDPR, 241
expansion of IOM, 3
aggressive expansion in 1990s, 11
current era of expansion,
expansionist ethos of IOM, , 57
historical institutionalism, and,
assumptions about IOs and IOM,
implied powers doctrine, and, 18
institutional expansion through precedents,
motive and opportunity for,
2016 Agreement, and, 14
GCM, 34, 59, , 148, 162, 280, 308
balancing competing interets, 282
cooperation, significance of, 138
durable solutions for migration, 138
expanding IOM’s mandate, 307
human rights and protections,
humanitarian crises, and, 306
IOM designated as lead agency for UNNM, 280
mass migrations prompting adoption of, 282
member states wanting IOM in leading role in negotiations, 12
migration detention,
purpose and objectives, 282
trafficked persons, 307
UN General Assembly considering institutional architecture for, 183
vulnerabilities in migration, addressing,
Global Administrative Law (GAL), 84
Haiti, 32, 220
data collection, 247
DTM ‘mobility tracking’ in,
Guantanamo Bay, US processing asylum seekers in, 32
IOM history of activities in, 345
health crisis management
historical institutionalism and IOs,
assumptions about IOs and IOM,
critical junctures and path dependence,
human rights
general principles of law, 110
jus cogens, as, 86
overarching, legitimizing framework for global governance, 72
rights irrespective of legal status, 2
UN General Assembly, and, 180
human rights due diligence policy for IOM, 23,
cooperation, importance of, 138
IOM and human rights,
controversial practices of IOM,
formalized relationship with UN, impact of,
normative framework of non-normative nature,
IOM Constitution deferring status rights questions to host states,
UN Human Rights Due Diligence Policy,
introduction of, 140
limitations of,
potential contribution of,
whether applicable to IOM,
human rights obligations of IOM, , , ,
accountability mechanisms of IOM,
analysis and assessment framework,
domestic courts,
overview,
analysis and assessment framework,
access,
neutrality,
outcomes,
participation,
competences and activities of IOM,
failure to recognize human rights, 5
general international law, obligations under,
human rights and IOM Constitution, 106
human rights as explicit part of IOM operations,
integration of protection concerns into field operations, 2
IOM Human Rights of Migrants Policy and Activities (2009), 146
IOM legitimation strategies, and,
IOM papering over rights violations, 10
lack of clarity about extent of,
lack of obligations, 10
mandate, and, 7
need for accountability,
no formal protection mandate, and,
non-normative status of IOM, and, 16
Policy on the Human Rights of Migrants (2002), 62
potential for human rights violations by IOM, 2,
Australian migrant processing centres, IOM operating,
Indonesian migrant detention operations, IOM supporting,
warnings about human rights impact of IOM’s operations,
prioritizing wealthy states’ interests over individual rights, 10
treaty-based human rights obligations,
Human Rights Watch, 384
Australian detention centres, 379
criticisms of IOM,
importance of, 423
IOM data, use of,
observer status with IOM, 144
reports under-examining IOM, 432
scrutiny of IOM,
reduction in,
human trafficking, 17, 61, 409
abuse of a position of power,
abuse of a position of vulnerability,
CoE Trafficking Convention, 410
data collection, 245
GCM, and, 307
ILO prohibiting, 286
IOM, and
Corporate Responsibility in Eliminating Slavery and Trafficking (CREST) Initiative, 287
principle of non-penalisation, and, 364
recruitment of labour, and, 285
Trafficking Protocol, 410
Humanitarian Data Science and Ethics Group (DSEG), 266
IASC, 63, 233, 305, 316, 339
climate migration, and,
Data Responsibility Working Group, 265
humanitarian protection, 314
humanitarian response role, 13
protection, concept of, 18
role, 220
ICEM, 5, 53 See also IOM
‘European’ in name removed, 6
central objective, 54
draft constitution, UN Charter and, 54
expansion of geographic scope and portfolio of services, 6
membership, 54
migration managed respecting sovereign rights, 6
motivations for establishing, 55
multi-mandate organization, as, 55
PICMME renamed as, 5
proposals for constitutional change,
ICJ, 17
human rights, 111
IOs, 17, 47, 90
constituent instruments, 50
constitutions,
international legal obligations, methods of incurring, 91
powers to establish internal courts,
states parties, 90
Statute Article 38(1), 110
ICRC, 63, 302, 308, 324, 325
binding humanitarian principles, 301
protection mandate for all civilians, 313
ILO, 51, 272
Administrative Tribunal (ILOAT), 98
conventions on migrant work, 280
core labor standards, 286
Fair Recruitment Initiative,
national laws, ILO Constitution and, 8
Indonesia
Australian-funded immigration detention,
detention centres,
internal displacement, 3,
Brookings-LSE Project on Internal Displacement, 356
Framework for Addressing Internal Displacement (2017),
Framework on the Progressive Resolution of Displacement Situations (2016), 338,
IDPs, 1, 2,
AVR, and, 400
definition of, 347
extent of assistance provided by IOM, 326
international protection of,
IOM justification for activities with,
IOM policy and activities (2002),
IOM’s largest group of beneficiaries, as, 7
no specific legal status, 329
Ukraine, 1
vulnerability of, 327
major global challenge, as, 331
internal policies of IOM
guides, manuals and toolkits, 63
internal funding rules, 63
internal rules, internal policies as, 67
legitimation through internal policy-making,
policies implemented on an on-going basis,
policies, frameworks and guidelines, table of, 78
Policy on the Human Rights of Migrants (2002), 61
Protection Portfolio – Crisis Response, 63
shifting conceptions of IOM’s purpose and obligations,
time-bound strategic planning frameworks, 61
wide dissemination of policies, need for, 77
international law
derived responsibility,
general principles of law, 110
human rights law
customary human rights law,
immigration detention,
obligations under,
sources, 110
UDHR rights as part of, 111
International Law Commission (ILC) Articles on the Responsibility of International Organizations (ARIO). See ARIO
international organizations (IOs)
accountability, ,
administrative precepts, application of, 84
difficulties of holding IOs to account,
individuals and third parties, 82
internal reforms and,
IOs causing damage without violating obligations, 86
limitations on, 5
meaning of, 85
members controlling IOs,
misconduct, difficulties with, 86
problems in addressing,
standards of,
tropes underlying the law,
ultra vires actions, 81
vacuum around organizations and members,
wrongful acts,
constituent instruments, 50
cooperation, 137
dependence on donor funds, 9
ideal type of IO,
implied powers doctrine, and,
international law
general rules applying to IOs, 49
human rights obligations under,
international obligations of,
IOs as subjects of, 17
internationally wrongful acts,
attribution, 93
basis of obligations,
derived responsibility,
general rules of international law,
immunities,
internal instruments reflecting international law, 92
internal mechanisms, 91
IOs and courts/tribunals, 90
treaties,
legal accountability, meaning of, 80
legitimation strategies,
nature of,
normative functions, 15
obligations in IOs,
related organizations, examples of, 13
rights and duties, sources of,
rules, nature of, , 64
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 213
International Refugee Organization (IRO),
IOM
administration, 65
Emergency Response Unit (ERU), 200
Ethics and Conduct Office, 99
Global Migration Data Analysis Centre (GMDAC), 244
Institutional Law and Programme Support Division of the Office of Legal Affairs, 265
Migration Protection and Assistance Division, 16
budget, 1, 8
dependent on earmarked funds to finance activities, 104
DTM as major source of revenue,
financing,
humanitarian action, and, 7
Migration Emergency Funding Mechanism, 205
small core budget, 188
creation, reasons for,
establishment and constitutional development, 5,
human rights
immunities, ,
individuals, responsibilities to, 4
institutional change, 37
international norms, and,
leading agency in UN system on migration issues, as, 14
national authorities, working with, 23
normative obligations, 10
obligations,
international legal obligations,
legal obligations,
political and legal perspectives,
states’ obligations, and,
origins,
IOM and Ebola crisis, 190,
extensive activities of IOM,
flexible crisis management capabilities, IOM recognized for, 207
Humanitarian Border Management’ (HBM) framework, use of, 207
IOM as a related organization, 1, 5, , 38, 73, 302, , 437 See also 2016 Agreement
calls for IOM mandate to be revised, 113
discussions leading to related organization status,
meaning of ‘related organization’, ,
IOM Council, 14
amendment of the Constitution, 183
budget, 444
competence to establish judicial organs, 135
Ebola crisis, and, 209
governing body of IOM, as, 49
human rights of migrants, 146
immunities, call for, 132
internal rules, creation of, 65
Migration Emergency Funding Mechanism, 205
non-normative role of IOM, 174
observer status, 430
power to establish human rights court, whether, 135
Working Group on institutional arrangements, establishment of, 168
IOM deference to states, 2, 35, 45, 51, 68, 309, 393, 431
human rights, and, 72
national prioritization and development actors,
need to reconsider, 363
‘projectized’ structure, and, 2
IOM Humanitarian Policy (2012), 146
IOM Humanitarian Policy-Principles for Humanitarian Action (2015), 33, 297, , 306, 307, , , 425
accountability of IOM, 323
diaspora populations, linking with,
displacement situations,
engagement with parties to conflict, 316
field operations leading to, 303
humanitarian crises,
humanitarian protection and partnerships,
impartiality,
independence,
internal displacement,
IOM mandate,
MCOF, and, 317
movement, focus on,
promoting durable solutions, 341
IOM in Gulf War, 189, , 206
crisis managment tasks, IOM fulfilling,
Gulf War as blueprint for institutional expansion, 190
short and long term institutional consequences of,
understanding IOM Gulf War operations,
IOM in Libyan civil war, 190,
key coordinator, IOM as, 204
support for migrants, provision of, 204
UNHCR, improved partnership with, 204
mandate of IOM, , 17, , See also internal policies of IOM
accountability, advocacy NGOs and,
attempted mandate change,
calls for mandate to be revised, 113
flexibility making it attractive to states, 104
GCM expanding, 307
gulf between what IOM can and must do, 7,
human rights, and, 7
humanitarian mandate, 58,
implied powers doctrine, migrant protection and,
political and legal perspectives,
protection of migrants,
purposes and functions, , , ,
historical institutionalism, and,
shifting conceptions of, , ,
MCOF, 23, 62, 145, , 211, 310, 313, 317, 328, , 343
centrepiece of IOM emergency responses, as, 205
IOM and human rights,
local integration,
return and resettlement, focus on, 342
underpinned by ‘migration crisis approach’, 336
migrants and refugees
IOM
exercising compulsory powers over migrants,
Human Rights of Migrants Policy and Activities (2009), 146
post-crisis support for, 7
refugees
entitled to specific international protection, 306
normative base for, 280
principle of non-penalisation, and, 364
vulnerable migrants, 364
natural disasters. See also internal displacement; humanitarian emergencies
disaster risk reduction, 232
donor funding, IOM activities and, 228
DTM, use of, 246
IOM, and, 225
expertise in response to natural disasters, 227
helping persons displaced internally or across borders, 195,
humanitarian operations,
Nansen Initiative’s Agenda for the Protection of Cross-Border Displaced Persons in the Context of Disasters and Climate Change, 233, 322
protection frameworks for people displaced across borders, 234
Sendai Framework, 322
UN Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement, and, 321
UNHCR mandate not applying to cross-border displacement, 322
non-normative,
OCHA, 332
Centre for Humanitarian Data, 245
Data Responsibility Guidelines, 267
data responsibility, concept of, 236
humanitarian work, principles guiding,
supporting IOM’s related organization status, 14
PICMME, 5, 51, 180 See also IOM
Brussels Resolution establishing, 52
functions under Brussels Resolution, , 145
mandate, extension of, 53
membership, 52
taking over IRO’s operational activities and assets, 52
Provisional Intergovernmental Committee for the Movement of Migrants from Europe (PICMME). See PICMME
refoulement, 117
assisted returns, and, 437
meaning of, 116
prohibition against. See non-refoulement
returns from detention, and, 389
voluntary under compulsion returns, 116
related organizations
examples of, 13
functional parts of the UN system, as, 13
legally distinct from UN, 13
meaning of ‘related organization’,
nature of status, 13,
responsibility of IOM under international law, See also international organizations (IOs)
ARIO,
difficulties of holding IOM to account,
grounding assesments of IOM in international law,
immunities of IOM,
internationally unlawful acts,
IOM mechanisms,
legal accountability, meaning of, 80
tropes underlying the law,
vacuum assumption,
ultra vires, 81
UN and IOM, 5 See also 2016 Agreement
Art 2(5) of 2016 Agreement, effect of,
comparison of 1996 and 2106 Agreements,
debate over IOM joining UN, 11
disconnect between UN and IOM, addressing,
IOM obtaining observer status in UN General Assembly, 11
legal relationship, changes in,
reasons for new agreement between,
UN-related status, nature of,
UN Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF), 251
UN Charter
assigning responsibility for peace and security to Security Council, 81
Constitution of IOM, and,
draft ICEM constitution, 54
purposes of the UN, 175
specialized agencies, 12,
UN General Assembly, 167, 170
CGM, and, 183
human rights, and, 180
humanitarian assistance,
IOM obtaining observer status, 11
Resolution on the Humanitarian Principles, 305
UDHR, and, 111
UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, 287
UN Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement and IOM, 298, ,
IDPs
international protection of,
IOM justification for activities with,
IDPs, definition of, 347
IOM policies and Guiding Principles,
explicit engagement,
origins of Guiding Principles,
putting Guiding Principles into practice,
special needs, persons with, 347
widespread endorsement of Guiding Principles,
UN High Level Panel on the Post-2015 Development Agenda (2013), 242
UN Human Rights Up Front Initiative, 23
UN Peacebuilding Fund, 251
UN Principles on Personal Data Protection and Privacy, 265
UN Summit for Refugees and Migrants, 12
UNHCR, 32, 41, 52, 101, 139, 179, 188, 219, 326
accountability, 26
advocacy NGOs, scrutiny by, 421,
co-lead of CCCM, 333
creation of, 52
Global Trends Report, 256
humanitarian principles, applying, 319
refugee mandate not applying to cross-border natural disaster displacement, 322
refugees, meaning of, 319
World Bank-UNHCR Joint Data Center on Forced Displacement (JDC), 245
United Kingdom
Department for International Development (DFID), 219
Ebola crisis, and, 208
influential IOM donor, as, 206
Voluntary Assisted Return and Reintegration programme, 408
voluntary departures from UK,
United States (US)
Brussels Resolution, 52
Gulf War, IOM involvement in,
Haiti, and, 52,
ICEM membership, and, 54
influential IOM donor, as, 206
interdiction and detention in Caribbean,
IRO, and,
origins of IOM shaped by US interests, 6
PICMME membership, and, 52
protection for IDPs displaced by natural disaster across international borders,
voluntary humanitarian return (VHR),
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