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Index

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 July 2019

Mary Ellen O'Connell ,
Christian J. Tams  and
Dire Tladi
Mary Ellen O'Connell
Affiliation:
University of Notre Dame, Indiana
Christian J. Tams
Affiliation:
University of Glasgow
Dire Tladi
Affiliation:
University of Pretoria

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Chapter
Information
Self-Defence against Non-State Actors , pp. 282 - 286
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2019
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BYCreative Common License - NCCreative Common License - ND
This content is Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/cclicenses/

Index

Afghanistan, 3, 46, 66–69, 144, 152, 221, 234
African Union Non-Aggression and Common Defence Pact, 151
aggression, 133
definition, 131–133
indirect, 131
aiding or abetting, 86
Al Harithi, Abu Ali, 222
al-Awlaki, Anwar, 222, 223
Albania, 193
Algeria, 137
Al-Qaeda, 46
Aquinas, Thomas, 237–238, 244
armed attack, 23, 28, 44, 49, 65–66, 72, 81, 84, 87, 112–115, 139, 164, 169, 172, 199, 210, 215, 253
definition, 54–61, 165
French definition, 182
ICJ, 195–196
State support for, 162–163, 168
threshold question, 91
treaty law, 93
armed bands, 141
armed conflict zones, outside of, 213
armed reprisals, as justification for response, 100
Articles on State Responsibility, 149
Ashburton, Lord, 23, 45, 53, 240
asymmetrical self-defence, 102–104, 134, 161
case for recognising right of, 164
claims of, 140
harbouring, loss of control, 163
number of claims, 147
problem of, 97–98
recognition of, 170
risk of abuse, 169–171
state supported attacks, 167
attribution, requirement of, 87, 198, 200, 202, 207, 211, 212, 213, 224, 232, 249, 253, 257, 275
Augustine of Hippo, 237
Ban Ki-Moon, 191
Bellinger, John, 226
bellum iustum, 22
Bernadotte, Count Folke, 205
Bethlehem, Daniel, 213, 224–226, 250
Bethlehem’s Principles, 40–42, 69, 76, 82, 105, 217
Blair, Tony, 250
Boko Haram, 18
Buergenthal, Judge, 69, 157
Bush Administration (2001), 217, 220, 221
Cançado Trindade, Judge Antônio Augusto, 243
Caroline incident, 22, 44, 53
Chad, 147
Chatham House Principles, 5, 38, 39, 41, 42, 62, 224
civil war, 252, 255
Clinton administration, 220
collective security system, 28, 38, 80, 83, 165
Colombia, 47, 146, 148, 150
Conclusion on the Identification of Customary International Law, 51
condemnations, 4, 67, 69, 150, 154, 193, 205, 275
Congo, 58–59, 202
consent, 202–205
control of territory, 200
countermeasures, to less than armed attack, 196
counter-terrorism
law enforcement measures, 175
Cuban Missile Crisis, 208
customary international law, 49, 51, 52–54, 106, 274–277
dynamic nature of, 54
formation of, 50
relationship to treaty law, 106
right to self-defence, 44, 53
cyber operations, 265
Daesh. See ISIS
de lege ferenda proposals, 5
Deeks, Ashley, 225
Definition of Aggression, 135
Denmark, 154
Dispute Settlement Body, 272
Draft Conclusions on the Identification of Customary International Law, 50
Egan, Brian, 225, 227, 256
El Salvador, 196
Ethiopia, 147, 152
framework-theory, xxii–xxiii
France, 124, 130, 137, 140, See also Suez Crisis
Friendly Relations Declaration, 131
Georgia, 47, 73
German Federal Constitutional Court
on self-defence against ISIS, 150–151
Germany, 186, 230
Goldsmith, Attorney General (UK), 215
Greece, 130
Greenwood, Judge, 212
Grotius, Hugo, 238–239, 243
Guatemala, 141
Hague Lectures, 55
harbouring of non-State actors, 138, 141, 147–148, 168
Hezbollah, 153–154
Higgins, Judge, 55, 114, 157, 200
hot pursuit
as justification for response, 100
asymmetry as part of, 102
Hussain, Junaid, 175, 199, 256
ICJ (International Court of Justice), 24, 25, 52, 67, 68, 70, 81, 84, 85, 86, 109, 133, 135, 156–158, 161, 166, 192–205, 255, 276
attacks attributable to States, 1
consent, 203
ius cogens, 230, 231
necessity and proportionality, 233
sources relied on for self-defence rulings, 204
Statute, 266
treaty interpretation, 271
IHL (International Humanitarian Law), 204, 247, 252
imminence, 222
indeterminacy, 264–269
India, 137, 140, 146
international law, xii
English language scholarship, xxiv
sources, 266, 274
universalisation, xx
universalism, xvi
International Law and the Use of Force by States, 214
International Law Commission, 53, 111, 126, 128, 159–161, 167, 193, 230, 251
Interpol, 255
inter-State understanding of self-defence, 62, 64, 103, 129–135, 137, 138, 142, 156, 159, 258
UN Charter, 61, 97, 119, 128, 129–133
intervention by invitation, 151, 202–205
Iran, 146, 152
Iraq, 47, 70–71, 73, 152, 153, 189, 234
ISIS, 73–77, 150–151, 279
German Federal Constitutional Court on self-defence against, 150–151
Islamic State. See ISIS
Israel, 47, 130, 138, 144, 153–154, 156, 157, 200, 216, See also Suez Crisis
ius cogens, 229–232
doctrine of, 246
ICJ, 230, 231
prohibition on the use of force, 25–27, 48, 178
Japan, 186
Jennings, Judge, 133
Just War Doctrine, 236–240
rejection of, 241
justifications for use of force against non-State actors, 245
Kashmir, 137
Kellogg–Briand Pact, 183–184
Kelsen, Hans, 241–242
Khan, Reyaad, 174–175, 199, 227, 255
Kooijmans, Judge, 58, 67, 157, 201
Korea, 205–206
Koroma, Judge, 60
Kurdistan Workers Party, 47
Kuwait, 234
Larger Freedom, In, 65, 121, 155
Lauterpacht, Hersch, 243
law enforcement, 255
Law Enforcement Officials, 204
law, source of, 254
Lebanon, 47, 71–72, 153–154
Leiden Recommendations, 5, 6, 38, 39–40, 41, 42
Liberia, 147
Libya, 218–219, 235
loss of effective control, 148–149, 168
Luban, David, 242
mercenaries, 141
Morocco, 138, 140
national security, 245–246
nationals, rescue of, 225
natural law, 12, 228, 236, 237, 238, 240, 243, 244
necessity
as justification for response, 99
asymmetry as part of, 102
principle of, 198–199
necessity and proportionality, 233
Nicaragua, 55, 194–197
Nigeria, 18
9/11, 3, 46, 220–221
effect of, 159
Non-Aligned Movement, 154, 155, 162
non-consenting third States, 5, 10, 21, 42, 43, 46, 47, 48, 49, 54, 57, 63, 69, 74, 79, 81, 258, 269, 274
non-intervention, principle of, 197, 198, 202
North Korea, 236
Obama administration, 216, 217, 222–223
occupation law, 201
Occupied Palestinian Territories, 57
opinio iuris, 51
Oppenheim, Lassa, 240
Osirak, Iraq, 209
Pakistan, 137
perspectivism, xv
pirates, 1
Portugal, 137, 141
positive law, 237, 240–241
post truth age, xviii
proportionality, principle of, 198–199
Reagan administration, 219
requirement to report, 36
responsibility, 149
right to respond to armed attacks that could be attributed to another State, 134
Rio Treaty Organization, 185
Russia, 47, 72, 73, 74, 75, 146, 148
Rwanda, 146, 150
Scelle, George, xix
Schwebel, Judge, 55, 59, 68
self-defence
alternative justifications, 99
as exception, 100–101
conditions of, 101
legitimacy, 100
source of, 105
UN Charter, 62
Self-Defence in International Law, 214
Senegal, 146, 152
Shultz doctrine, 138
Simma, Judge, 58, 67, 157, 201
Sofaer, Judge Abraham, 219–220
Somalia, 152
sources, for self-defence, 165
South Africa, 100, 137, 139, 140, 175
South Korea, 236
Soviet Union, 124, 205–206
State attack, 104, 115, 120, 122, 124, 142, 154, 156, 157, 161, 164, 185, 278
definition, 103
State nexus, 104, 113, 115, 142, 156
State-centric view of self-defence, 96, 97, 98, 111, 114, 116, 119, 120, 122, 125, 129, 131, 156
changes, 161–164, 165
States
definition of state attack, 103
duty of toleration, 103
responsibility, 134
unable/unwilling, 212, 224–228, 250, 252, 254, 256, 257
Sudan, 47, 73, 147, 152
Suez Crisis, 206–208, 214, 250
Syria, 7–8, 73–77
system of collective security
effectiveness and unilateral use of force, 34
Tajikistan, 146, 148, 152
Tanaka, Judge, 243
targeted killing, 174–177, 213, 218, 234–235
terrorism, 18, 215, 217, 218–224, 246, 247, 250
as criminal act, 205
terrorist organizations, 1
terrorism, 246
Thailand, 146, 152
threshold question, 94
Tomka, Judge, 158
treaty interpretation, 261
triggering attack, 101, 182, 199, 256
Tunisia, 137
Turkey, 70–71, 138, 144, 148, 152
Uganda, 57, 58–59, 146, 156, 157
unable or unwilling test, 9, 90, 149, 212, 224–228, 250, 252, 253, 254, 256, 257
unilateralism, 88, 89
United Kingdom, 124, 174, 175–176, 177–178, 234–235, 250, See also Suez Crisis
United Nations, 155
Article 51, 280
collective security system, 125
United Nations Charter, 2, 4, 14, 22, 23–24, 165–166, 179–180, 190–191
Article 2(4), 64, 65, 95, 115–116, 181, 184–185, 188
Article 2(4), as ius cogens norm, 249
Article 3(g), 159
Article 39, 64
Article 42, 64
Article 51, 36, 48–49, 52, 76–78, 84, 104, 105, 106, 124, 128, 129, 166, 168, 182–183, 185, 186, 266–267
Article 51, context, 109–112
Article 51, reliance on, 146
Chapter VII, 119
inter-State reading of, 61, 62, 64, 97, 119, 128, 129–133
purpose of, 120–125
self defence, 30–36
travaux préparatoires, 123–124
use of force, 20
United Nations General Assembly, 31–34, 131, 135, 166, 187–192, 205
United Nations Secretary General, 189–191
United Nations Security Council, 30, 32, 33, 34, 69, 74, 84–85, 87, 141, 162, 205–212, 215, 235, 247
international terrorism, 85
ISIS, 150
non-State actors, 118
on 9/11 self-defence, 46
on attacks by non-State actors, 140
political restraints, 85
right to self-defence, 4
Syria, 7
United States, 124, 138, 144, 175, 176–177, 183–185, 194–197, 205–206, 218–224, 234–235, 250, 275, See also Suez Crisis
Iraq, 189, 234
Syria, 76
war in Afghanistan, 66–69, 152, 163
universality
as mode of power, xxi
use of force
collective, 15
customary international law, 11, 18, 25, 43, 44, 52–54, 72, 95, 100, 107, 193, 197, 199, 202, 214, 231, 233
in self defence, 54
less grave forms, 24
prohibition of, 22–28
UN Charter, 20
unilateral, 15
USS Cole, 220
Vattel, Emer de, 239
VCLT (Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties), 49, 51–52, 61–66, 77, 81, 108, 125, 126, 231, 262, 264, 273, 279
Articles 31–33, 110
ius cogens, 229
war, elimination of, 247
World Trade Center 1993, 220
Wright, Attorney General Jeremy (UK), 212, 216, 217
Yemen, 220, 221, 222
Zaire, 141
Zimbabwe, 137, 139

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  • Index
  • Mary Ellen O'Connell, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, Christian J. Tams, University of Glasgow, Dire Tladi, University of Pretoria
  • Book: Self-Defence against Non-State Actors
  • Online publication: 29 July 2019
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108120173.006
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  • Index
  • Mary Ellen O'Connell, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, Christian J. Tams, University of Glasgow, Dire Tladi, University of Pretoria
  • Book: Self-Defence against Non-State Actors
  • Online publication: 29 July 2019
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108120173.006
Available formats
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  • Index
  • Mary Ellen O'Connell, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, Christian J. Tams, University of Glasgow, Dire Tladi, University of Pretoria
  • Book: Self-Defence against Non-State Actors
  • Online publication: 29 July 2019
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108120173.006
Available formats
×