Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-g8jcs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-30T21:40:51.709Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The effects of callous-unemotional traits and aggression subtypes on amygdala activity in response to negative faces

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 July 2020

Pascal-M Aggensteiner Open the ORCID record for Pascal-M Aggensteiner [Opens in a new window] ,
Nathalie E. Holz ,
Boris W. Böttinger ,
Sarah Baumeister ,
Sarah Hohmann ,
Julia E. Werhahn ,
Jilly Naaijen ,
Shahrzad Ilbegi ,
Jeffrey C. Glennon  and
Pieter J. Hoekstra
...Show all authors
Pascal-M Aggensteiner*
Affiliation:
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
Nathalie E. Holz
Affiliation:
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
Boris W. Böttinger
Affiliation:
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
Sarah Baumeister
Affiliation:
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
Sarah Hohmann
Affiliation:
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
Julia E. Werhahn
Affiliation:
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland Neuroscience Center Zurich, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Jilly Naaijen
Affiliation:
Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Shahrzad Ilbegi
Affiliation:
Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Jeffrey C. Glennon
Affiliation:
Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Pieter J. Hoekstra
Affiliation:
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
Andrea Dietrich
Affiliation:
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
Renee Kleine Deters
Affiliation:
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
Melanie C. Saam
Affiliation:
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychotherapy, University Hospital, University of Ulm, Germany
Ulrike M. E. Schulze
Affiliation:
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychotherapy, University Hospital, University of Ulm, Germany
David J. Lythgoe
Affiliation:
Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
Arjun Sethi
Affiliation:
Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
Michael C. Craig
Affiliation:
Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
Mathilde Mastroianni
Affiliation:
Department of Child Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
Ilyas Sagar-Ouriaghli
Affiliation:
Department of Child Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
Paramala J. Santosh
Affiliation:
Department of Child Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
Mireia Rosa
Affiliation:
Clinic Image Diagnostic Center (CDIC), Hospital Clinic of Barcelona; Magnetic Resonance Image Core Facility, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
Nuria Bargallo
Affiliation:
Clinic Image Diagnostic Center (CDIC), Hospital Clinic of Barcelona; Magnetic Resonance Image Core Facility, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
Josefina Castro-Fornieles
Affiliation:
Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology Department, 2017SGR881, Institute Clinic of Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, CIBERSAM, IDIBAPS, Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Celso Arango
Affiliation:
Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
Maria J. Penzol
Affiliation:
Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
Jorge Vidal
Affiliation:
Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
Barbara Franke
Affiliation:
Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Marcel P. Zwiers
Affiliation:
Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Jan K. Buitelaar
Affiliation:
Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Susanne Walitza
Affiliation:
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland Neuroscience Center Zurich, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Tobias Banaschewski
Affiliation:
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
Daniel Brandeis
Affiliation:
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland Neuroscience Center Zurich, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
*
Author for correspondence: Pascal-M Aggensteiner, E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background

Brain imaging studies have shown altered amygdala activity during emotion processing in children and adolescents with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD) compared to typically developing children and adolescents (TD). Here we aimed to assess whether aggression-related subtypes (reactive and proactive aggression) and callous-unemotional (CU) traits predicted variation in amygdala activity and skin conductance (SC) response during emotion processing.

Methods

We included 177 participants (n = 108 cases with disruptive behaviour and/or ODD/CD and n = 69 TD), aged 8–18 years, across nine sites in Europe, as part of the EU Aggressotype and MATRICS projects. All participants performed an emotional face-matching functional magnetic resonance imaging task.

Results

Differences between cases and TD in affective processing, as well as specificity of activation patterns for aggression subtypes and CU traits, were assessed. Simultaneous SC recordings were acquired in a subsample (n = 63). Cases compared to TDs showed higher amygdala activity in response to negative faces (fearful and angry) v. shapes. Subtyping cases according to aggression-related subtypes did not significantly influence on amygdala activity; while stratification based on CU traits was more sensitive and revealed decreased amygdala activity in the high CU group. SC responses were significantly lower in cases and negatively correlated with CU traits, reactive and proactive aggression.

Conclusions

Our results showed differences in amygdala activity and SC responses to emotional faces between cases with ODD/CD and TD, while CU traits moderate both central (amygdala) and peripheral (SC) responses. Our insights regarding subtypes and trait-specific aggression could be used for improved diagnostics and personalized treatment.

Keywords

Aggressionconduct disorderCU traitsneuroimagingoppositional defiant disordersubtypes
Type
Original Article
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 52 , Issue 3 , February 2022 , pp. 476 - 484
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Achenbach, T. M., Howell, C. T., Quay, H. C., Conners, C. K., & Bates, J. E. (1991). National survey of problems and competencies among four- to sixteen-year-olds: Parents’ reports for normative and clinical samples. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 56(3), i–130. doi:10.2307/1166156.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
American Psychiatric Association (2013). (n.d.). American Psychiatric Association, 2013. Retrieved July 15, 2015, from http://www.dsm5.org/Pages/Default.aspx.Google Scholar
Baker, R. H., Clanton, R. L., Rogers, J. C., & Brito, S. A. D. (2015). Neuroimaging findings in disruptive behavior disorders. CNS Spectrums, 20(4), 369–381. doi:10.1017/S1092852914000789.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benedek, M., & Kaernbach, C. (2010). A continuous measure of phasic electrodermal activity. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 190(1–5), 80–91. doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2010.04.028.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blair, R. J. R. (1999). Responsiveness to distress cues in the child with psychopathic tendencies. Personality and Individual Differences, 27(1), 135–145. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(98)00231-1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blair, R. J. R. (2013). Psychopathy: Cognitive and neural dysfunction. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 15(2), 181–190.Google Scholar
Blair, R. J. R., Leibenluft, E., & Pine, D. S. (2014). Conduct disorder and callous–unemotional traits in youth. New England Journal of Medicine, 371(23), 2207–2216. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1315612.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blair, R. J. R., Veroude, K., & Buitelaar, J. K. (2016). Neuro-cognitive system dysfunction and symptom sets: A review of fMRI studies in youth with conduct problems. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 91, 69–90. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.10.022.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boucsein, W., Fowles, D. C. F., Grimnes, S., Ben-Shakhar, G., Roth, W., Dawson, M. E., & Filion, D. L. (2012). Publication recommendations for electrodermal measurements. Psychophysiology, 49(8), 1017–1034. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2012.01384.x.Google ScholarPubMed
Bussing, R., Fernandez, M., Harwood, M., Hou, W., Garvan, C. W., Swanson, J. M., & Eyberg, S. M. (2008). Parent and teacher SNAP-IV ratings of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms: Psychometric properties and normative ratings from a school district sample. Assessment, 15(3), 317–328. doi:10.1177/1073191107313888.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coccaro, E. F., McCloskey, M. S., Fitzgerald, D. A., & Phan, K. L. (2007). Amygdala and orbitofrontal reactivity to social threat in individuals with impulsive aggression. Biological Psychiatry, 62(2), 168–178. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.08.024.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Docherty, M., Boxer, P., Huesmann, L. R., O'Brien, M., & Bushman, B. (2017). Assessing callous-unemotional traits in adolescents: Determining cutoff scores for the inventory of callous and unemotional traits. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 73(3), 257–278. doi:10.1002/jclp.22313.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dotterer, H. L., Hyde, L. W., Swartz, J. R., Hariri, A. R., & Williamson, D. E. (2017). Amygdala reactivity predicts adolescent antisocial behavior but not callous-unemotional traits. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 24(Supplement C), 84–92. doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2017.02.008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Essau, C. A., Sasagawa, S., & Frick, P. J. (2006). Callous-unemotional traits in a community sample of adolescents. Assessment, 13(4), 454–469. doi:10.1177/1073191106287354.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ewbank, M. P., Passamonti, L., Hagan, C. C., Goodyer, I. M., Calder, A. J., & Fairchild, G. (2018). Psychopathic traits influence amygdala–anterior cingulate cortex connectivity during facial emotion processing. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 13(5), 525–534. doi:10.1093/scan/nsy019.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fanti, K. A. (2016). Understanding heterogeneity in conduct disorder: A review of psychophysiological studies. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 91, 4–20. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.09.022.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frick, P. J., & Viding, E. (2009). Antisocial behavior from a developmental psychopathology perspective. Development and Psychopathology, 21(4), 1111–1131. doi:10.1017/S0954579409990071.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Friston, K. J., Holmes, A. P., Worsley, K. J., Poline, J.-P., Frith, C. D., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1994). Statistical parametric maps in functional imaging: A general linear approach. Human Brain Mapping, 2(4), 189–210. doi:10.1002/hbm.460020402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gao, Y., Tuvblad, C., Schell, A., Baker, L., & Raine, A. (2015). Skin conductance fear conditioning impairments and aggression: A longitudinal study. Psychophysiology, 52(2), 288–295. doi:10.1111/psyp.12322.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hariri, A. R., Bookheimer, S. Y., & Mazziotta, J. C. (2000). Modulating emotional responses: Effects of a neocortical network on the limbic system. Neuroreport, 11(1), 43–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herpertz, S. C., Huebner, T., Marx, I., Vloet, T. D., Fink, G. R., Stoecker, T., … Herpertz-Dahlmann, B. (2008). Emotional processing in male adolescents with childhood-onset conduct disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49(7), 781–791. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01905.x.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herpertz, S. C., Mueller, B., Qunaibi, M., Lichterfeld, C., Konrad, K., & Herpertz-Dahlmann, B. (2005). Response to emotional stimuli in boys with conduct disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(6), 1100–1107. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.6.1100.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hyde, L. W., Shaw, D. S., Murray, L., Gard, A., Hariri, A. R., & Forbes, E. E. (2016). Dissecting the role of amygdala reactivity in antisocial behavior in a sample of young, low-income, urban men. Clinical Psychological Science, 4(3), 527–544. doi:10.1177/2167702615614511.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, A. P., Laurens, K. R., Herba, C. M., Barker, G. J., & Viding, E. (2009). Amygdala hypoactivity to fearful faces in boys with conduct problems and callous-unemotional traits. American Journal of Psychiatry, 166(1), 95–102. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.07071050.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaufman, J., Birmaher, B., Brent, D., Rao, U., Flynn, C., Moreci, P., … Ryan, N. (1997). Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children-present and lifetime version (K-SADS-PL): Initial reliability and validity data. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(7), 980–988. doi:10.1097/00004583-199707000-00021.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kimonis, E. R., Frick, P. J., Skeem, J. L., Marsee, M. A., Cruise, K., Munoz, L. C., … Morris, A. S. (2008). Assessing callous–unemotional traits in adolescent offenders: Validation of the Inventory of Callous–Unemotional Traits. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 31(3), 241–252. doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2008.04.002.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lancaster, J. L., Woldorff, M. G., Parsons, L. M., Liotti, M., Freitas, C. S., Rainey, L., … Fox, P. T. (2000). Automated Talairach atlas labels for functional brain mapping. Human Brain Mapping, 10(3), 120–131.3.0.CO;2-8>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loeber, R., Burke, J. D., Lahey, B. B., Winters, A., & Zera, M. (2000). Oppositional defiant and conduct disorder: A review of the past 10 years, part I. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39(12), 1468–1484. doi:10.1097/00004583-200012000-00007.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lorber, M. F. (2004). Psychophysiology of aggression, psychopathy, and conduct problems: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 130(4), 531–552. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.4.531.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lozier, L. M., Cardinale, E. M., VanMeter, J. W., & Marsh, A. A. (2014). Mediation of the relationship between callous-unemotional traits and proactive aggression by amygdala response to fear among children with conduct problems. JAMA Psychiatry, 71(6), 627–636. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.4540.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marsh, A. A., Finger, E. C., Mitchell, D. G. V., Reid, M. E., Sims, C., Kosson, D. S., … Blair, R. J. R. (2008). Reduced amygdala response to fearful expressions in children and adolescents with callous-unemotional traits and disruptive behavior disorders. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 165(6), 712–720. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07071145.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Noordermeer, S. D. S., Luman, M., & Oosterlaan, J. (2016). A systematic review and meta-analysis of neuroimaging in oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD) taking attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) into account. Neuropsychology Review, 26(1), 44–72. doi:10.1007/s11065-015-9315-8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Passamonti, L., Fairchild, G., Goodyer, I. M., Hurford, G., Hagan, C. C., Rowe, J. B., & Calder, A. J. (2010). Neural abnormalities in early-onset and adolescence-onset conduct disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67(7), 729–738. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pechorro, P., Ray, J. V., Gonçalves, R. A., & Jesus, S. N. (2017). The Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits: Psychometric properties among referred and non-referred Portuguese female juveniles. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 54, 67–75. doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2017.05.002.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Polanczyk, G. V., Salum, G. A., Sugaya, L. S., Caye, A., & Rohde, L. A. (2015). Annual research review: A meta-analysis of the worldwide prevalence of mental disorders in children and adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 56(3), 345–365. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12381.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Posner, J., Nagel, B. J., Maia, T. V., Mechling, A., Oh, M., Wang, Z., & Peterson, B. S. (2011). Abnormal amygdalar activation and connectivity in adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 50(8), 828–837.e3. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2011.05.010.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raine, A., Dodge, K., Loeber, R., Gatzke-Kopp, L., Lynam, D., Reynolds, C., … Liu, J. (2006). The reactive-proactive aggression questionnaire: Differential correlates of reactive and proactive aggression in adolescent boys. Aggressive Behavior, 32(2), 159–171. doi:10.1002/ab.20115.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scarpa, A., Haden, S. C., & Tanaka, A. (2010). Being hot-tempered: Autonomic, emotional, and behavioral distinctions between childhood reactive and proactive aggression. Biological Psychology, 84(3), 488–496. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2009.11.006.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sebastian, C. L., McCrory, E. J., Dadds, M. R., Cecil, C. A. M., Lockwood, P. L., Hyde, Z. H., … Viding, E. (2014). Neural responses to fearful eyes in children with conduct problems and varying levels of callous-unemotional traits. Psychological Medicine, 44(1), 99–109. doi:10.1017/S0033291713000482.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tzourio-Mazoyer, N., Landeau, B., Papathanassiou, D., Crivello, F., Etard, O., Delcroix, N., … Joliot, M. (2002). Automated anatomical labeling of activations in SPM using a macroscopic anatomical parcellation of the MNI MRI single-subject brain. NeuroImage, 15(1), 273–289. doi:10.1006/nimg.2001.0978.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Urben, S., Habersaat, S., Pihet, S., Suter, M., de Ridder, J., & Stéphan, P. (2018). Specific contributions of age of onset, callous-unemotional traits and impulsivity to reactive and proactive aggression in youths with conduct disorders. The Psychiatric Quarterly, 89(1), 1–10. doi:10.1007/s11126-017-9506-y.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Goozen, S. H. M., Matths, W., Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., Buitelaar, J. K., & Van England, H. (2000). Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and autonomic nervous system activity in disruptive children and matched controls. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 39(11), 1438–1445. doi:10.1097/00004583-200011000-00019.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Veroude, K., von Rhein, D., Chauvin, R. J. M., van Dongen, E. V., Mennes, M. J. J., Franke, B., … Buitelaar, J. K. (2016). The link between callous-unemotional traits and neural mechanisms of reward processing: An fMRI study. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 255, 75–80. doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2016.08.005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Viding, E., Fontaine, N. M., & McCrory, E. J. (2012). Antisocial behaviour in children with and without callous-unemotional traits. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 105(5), 195–200. doi:10.1258/jrsm.2011.110223.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Viding, E., Seara-Cardoso, A., & McCrory, E. J. (2014). Antisocial and callous behaviour in children. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences, 17, 395–419. doi:10.1007/7854_2013_266.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Viding, E., Sebastian, C. L., Dadds, M. R., Lockwood, P. L., Cecil, C. A. M., De Brito, S. A., & McCrory, E. J. (2012). Amygdala response to preattentive masked fear in children with conduct problems: The role of callous-unemotional traits. American Journal of Psychiatry, 169(10), 1109–1116. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12020191.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waller, R., Wright, A. G. C., Shaw, D. S., Gardner, F., Dishion, T. J., Wilson, M. N., & Hyde, L. W. (2015). Factor structure and construct validity of the parent-reported inventory of callous-unemotional traits among high-risk 9-year-olds. Assessment, 22(5), 561–580. doi:10.1177/1073191114556101.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wechsler, D. (2003). Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-WISC-IV. Retrieved from http://homepages.abdn.ac.uk/j.crawford/pages/dept/sf_wisc4.htm.Google Scholar
White, S. F., Marsh, A. A., Fowler, K. A., Schechter, J. C., Adalio, C., Pope, K., … Blair, R. J. R. (2012). Reduced amygdala response in youths with disruptive behavior disorders and psychopathic traits: Decreased emotional response versus increased top-down attention to nonemotional features. American Journal of Psychiatry, 169(7), 750–758. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.11081270.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Supplementary material: File

Aggensteiner et al. Supplementary Materials

Aggensteiner et al. Supplementary Materials

Download Aggensteiner et al. Supplementary Materials(File)
File 123.6 KB