State territory — Parts of — Territorial waters — Jurisdiction in the maritime belt — Right to arrest seagoing ships within territorial waters — Convention Relating to the Arrest of Seagoing Ships, 1952 — Administration of Justice Act 1956 — The law of England

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Operation and enforcement — Necessity for municipal legislation — Convention Relating to the Arrest of Seagoing Ships, 1952 — Municipal legislation giving effect to Convention without reference to it — Whether ambiguities in municipal legislation to be resolved by reference to Convention — Administration of Justice Act 1956 — The law of England

International law in general — Relation to municipal law — Convention Relating to the Arrest of Seagoing Ships, 1952 — Municipal legislation giving effect to Convention without reference to it — Whether ambiguities in municipal legislation to be resolved by reference to Convention — Administration of Justice Act 1956 — The law of England

States as international persons — In general — Sovereignty and independence — Conduct of foreign relations — Installation of electricity cables linking Sardinia and mainland Italy pursuant to international agreement between France and Italy — Challenge by environmental group — Whether such works constitute a public utility — Definition of public interest by reference to international considerations — The law of France

States as international persons — In general — Recognition of acts of foreign States and governments — Public law of foreign State — Dutch legislation aimed at restoring rights of private persons to chattels stolen during German occupation of Holland during Second World War — Provision for cancellation of title to shares and transfer to Dutch State where not obtained in bona fide manner — Whether such legislation may be given effect in Switzerland — Whether confiscatory or contrary to public policy — The law of Switzerland

States as international persons — In general — Recognition of acts of foreign States and governments — Expropriation without compensation — Effect on economic interests situated outside the jurisdiction of expropriating State — The law of Switzerland

International law in general — Relation to municipal law — Southern Rhodesia — Unilateral declaration of independence — Validity of acts of “High Court of Rhodesia” — Doctrine of State necessity — The law of England

States as international persons — State succession — Continuity of the law — Judgments of courts — Colony — Southern Rhodesia — Unilateral declaration of independence — Acts of judges appointed by usurping government — Letter of request by “High Court of Rhodesia” to High Court in England — Whether a request by a “British court” — Authority of court — Doctrine of State necessity — The law of England

States as international persons — Recognition — Of States — Colony — Southern Rhodesia — Unilateral declaration of independence, 1965 — Acts of judges appointed by usurping government — Letter of request by “High Court of Rhodesia” to High Court in England — Whether a request from a “British court” — Authority of court — Whether derived from 1961 or 1969 Constitution — Doctrine of State necessity — Bankruptcy Act 1914 — The law of England

States as international persons — State succession — Succession with regard to contractual and other obligations and concessions — Claim by participant in wartime coal management group organized by French authorities in Algeria for payment of allowances — Algerian accession to independence — Declaration of Principles concerning Economic and Financial Co — operation 1962, Article 18 — Judicial Protocol 1962, Article 17 — Interpretation — Whether action originally brought against French authorities in Algeria within jurisdiction of French courts — Whether France or Algeria responsible for payment — Obligations within areas of competence transferred by France to Algeria — Whether the responsibility of France where its general interests were involved in the conclusion of the obligation — The law of France

States as international persons — State succession — Succession with regard to obligations for delinquencies (torts) — Injury caused by French army in the course of operations to quell insurrection in Algeria — Claim for damages — Whether liability transferred to Algeria upon access — ion to independence — The law of France

States as international persons — Recognition — Of States — Entitlement of German Democratic Republic, as successor to German Reich, to invoke international convention against another Contracting State — German Democratic Republic not recognized by other Contracting State — Consequences of non — recognition — The law of Switzerland

States as international persons — State succession — International conventions — Geneva Convention on the Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, 1927 — Whether applicable between Switzerland and German Democratic Republic — Whether German Democratic Republic entitled to invoke Convention as successor of German Reich — Condition of reciprocity — Relevance of failure of Switzerland to recognize German Democratic Republic — Consequences of nonrecognition — The law of Switzerland

International law in general — Relation to municipal law — Application of international law by municipal courts — Whether only required where international law accepted as part of municipal law — International law principles of State succession with regard to treaties — The law of jamaica

States as international persons — State succession — International conventions — Extradition treaty between United Kingdom and United States made applicable to colony of Jamaica — Whether in force for Jamaica after independence — ‘Clean slate’ theory Meaning — Whether applicable — Conduct of parties concerned Whether relying on continued existence of treaty — The law of Jamaica

States as international persons — State succession — Continuity of the law — Extradition Treaty between United Kingdom and United States — Applicable to colony of Jamaica through Order in Council — Whether in force for Jamaica after independence — Constitution of Jamaica 1962 — The law of Jamaica

Treaties — Termination of — By operation of law — In general — State succession — Whether treaties concluded by predecessor State continue in force for newly independent State — ‘Clean slate’ theory — Meaning of — The law of jamaica

States as international persons — State succession — In matters of extradition — Extradition treaty between United Kingdom and United States — Applicable to colony of Jamaica under Order in Council — Whether in force for Jamaica after independence — ‘Clean slate’ theory — Meaning — Whether applicable — Conduct of parties concerned — Whether relying on continued existence of treaty — Constitution of Jamaica 1962 — Continuity of the law — The law of Jamaica

International law in general — Relation to municipal law — Conflict between international convention and subsequently enacted municipal law — Primacy of international convention — The law of Switzerland

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Effect of municipal legislation — Conflict between international convention and subsequently enacted municipal law — Primacy of international convention — The law of Switzerland

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Territorial limits of jurisdiction — Cartel legislation — Action for termination of concerted practices operated by foreign companies domiciled abroad — Plea of lack of jurisdiction — Effects doctrine as basis for application of municipal legislation — France — Switzerland Convention on Judicial Competence and the Execution of Judgments, 1869 — Forum rule requiring trial by natural judges of defendant — Primacy of treaty rule over subsequently enacted municipal law — The law of Switzerland

States as international persons — In general — Recognition of acts of foreign States and govemments — Expropriation without compensation — Effect on assets situated outside the jurisdiction of expropriating State — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Territorial limits of jurisdiction — Expropriation decree — Effect on assets situated outside expropriating State — Territoriality principle — Independent “split company” (Spaltgesellschaft) established outside expropriating State as a result of expropriation — Whether split company liable for debts of expropriated “remainder company” (Restgesellschaft) arising before expropriation — Debt owed to expropriating State — Possibility of obtaining satisfaction from expropriated remainder company — Whether municipal courts may assist in enforcement of debt against split company thereby indirectly furthering expropriation — Relevance of competing creditors — Plea of abuse of rights — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Operation and enforcement — Effect of treaties in municipal law — Circumstances in which international agreements may represent derogation from jurisdictional rules contained in French Civil Code — The law of France

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Jurisdiction over foreigners — In respect of obligations contracted abroad towards nationals of forum State — Compensation claim arising from accident during employment abroad — Whether French courts competent — Whether international agreements represent derogation from jurisdictional rules in French Civil Code — Franco-Algerian Convention relating to social security legislation, 1965 — Franco — Algerian Judicial Protocol, 1962 — The law of France

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Exemptions from and restrictions upon territorial jurisdiction — Foreign States — State-owned corporations — Amenability to suit in United States courts — Whether jury trial available — Interpretation of Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1976 — Whether Act the sole basis for jurisdiction over such corporations — Whether denial of jury trial a contravention of Seventh Amendment to United States Constitution — Whether Act codified a pre-existing cause of action at common law — The law of the United States

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Exemptions from and restrictions upon territorial jurisdiction — Foreign States — Oil spill — Foreign State-owned corporation — Sovereign immunity — Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1976 — Commercial activity exception — Relevance of contractual relationship in determining whether activity commercial — Whether act of drilling uniquely sovereign — Non-commercial tort exception to grant of immunity — Purpose — Whether tort as a whole occurred within United States — Whether acts discriminatory in nature — The law of the United States

States as international persons — In general — Sovereignty and independence — Waiver of rights — Sovereign immunity from pre-judgment attachment — Exception of explicit waiver — Requirements and meaning of — The law of the United States

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Exemptions from and restrictions upon territorial jurisdiction — Foreign States — Instrumentality of government — Prejudgment attachment of assets — Sovereign immunity — Exception of explicit waiver of immunity — Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1976, Section 1610(d)(1) — Whether words “prejudgment attachment” necessary as operative formula for waiver — Meaning of term “explicit” — Intention of contractual parties — The law of the United States

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For wrongs unconnected with contractual obligations — Acts and omissions of State organs and officials — Executive action or inaction — Expropriation of property of Iranian nationals in Iran — Whether contrary to international law — The law of the United States

The individual in international law — Nationality — Naturalization — Iranian national naturalized United States citizen — Suit against Iran for wrongful expropriation — Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1976 — lran — United States Algerian Accords, 1981 — Nationality of plaintiffs as affecting jurisdiction of federal courts — The law of the United States

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Exemptions from and restrictions upon territorial jurisdiction — Foreign States — Iranian expropriation of property of Iranian nationals situated in Iran — Sovereign immunity — Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1976 — Grant of jurisdiction to Federal Courts — Scope of grant — Whether Act encompasses action by an alien against a foreign State — Whether grant of subject matter jurisdiction over such a case constitutional — Whether Act creates a cause of action — Waiver of immunity — Iran-United States Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights, 1955 — Iran-United States Claims Settlement Declaration, 1981 — Whether expropriation of property of nationals contrary to international law — The law of the United States

States as international persons — In general — Sovereignty and independence — Conduct of foreign relations — Conclusiveness of statements of the Executive — Iranian hostage crisis — Presidential authority to extinguish claims of United States hostages in American courts — Iran- United States Algiers Declarations, 1981 — Executive order implementing Declarations — The law of the United States

State responsibility — Claims — State control over private claims — Iranian hostage crisis — Presidential authority to extinguish claims of United States hostages in American courts — Iran- United States Algiers Declarations, 1981 — Executive Order implementing Declarations — The law of the United States

Diplomatic and consular intercourse and privileges — Permanent diplomatic envoys — Privileges and immunities of — Diplomatic premises — Whether embassies abroad part of sending State’s territory — The law of the United States

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Exemptions from and restrictions upon territorial jurisdiction — Foreign States — Sovereign immunity — Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1976 — Iranian hostage crisis — Iran-United States Algiers Declarations, 1981 — Executive Order implementing Declarations — Presidential authority to extinguish claims of hostages — Subject matter jurisdiction over claims — Immunity from suit — Section 1605(a)(5) of the Act — Whether alleged Iranian actions occurred “in the United States” — United States embassies abroad — Whether part of United States territory — Whether alleged Iranian actions discretionary — Whether patently illegal — The law of the United States

Disputes — Arbitration — Miscellaneous — Motion to confirm arbitration award — Refusal by Republic of Guinea to consent to arbitration procedure — Whether agreement to arbitrate constitutes implicit waiver of immunity from suit under Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1976 — The law of the United States

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Exemptions from and restrictions upon territorial jurisdiction — Foreign States — Motion to confirm arbitration award — Refusal by Republic of Guinea to consent to arbitration procedure — Whether entitled to sovereign immunity under Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1976 — Jurisdiction — Whether agreement to arbitrate constitutes implicit waiver of immunity in United States courts — Commercial activity exception to immunity from suit — Whether commercial activity carried on within United States — Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act Section 1605(a)(2) — Whether commercial activity carried on outside United States with direct effect within United States — The law of the United States

States as international persons — In general — Sovereignty and independence — Waiver of rights — Right of sovereign immunity — Iran- United States Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights, 1955, Article XI(4) — Scope of waiver of immunity — Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1976 — The law of the United States

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Exemptions from and restrictions upon territorial jurisdiction — Foreign States — Preliminary injunction against agency of foreign State — Sovereign immunity — Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1976 — Requirements for jurisdiction — Subject matter jurisdiction and personal jurisdiction — Waiver of immunity — Iran-United States Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights, 1955, Article XI(4) — Scope of — Commercial activity exception to immunity — Acts having direct effect in United States — Service of process — The law of the United States