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Chalcolithic Tattooing: Historical and Experimental Evaluation of the Tyrolean Iceman's Body Markings

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 March 2024

Aaron Deter-Wolf Open the ORCID record for Aaron Deter-Wolf [Opens in a new window] ,
Benoît Robitaille Open the ORCID record for Benoît Robitaille [Opens in a new window] ,
Danny Riday ,
Aurélien Burlot  and
Maya Sialuk Jacobsen Open the ORCID record for Maya Sialuk Jacobsen [Opens in a new window]
Aaron Deter-Wolf*
Affiliation:
Tennessee Division of Archaeology, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
Benoît Robitaille
Affiliation:
Independent Researcher, Québec Canada
Danny Riday
Affiliation:
The Temple Tattoo; Tamahere, New Zealand
Aurélien Burlot
Affiliation:
Department of Historical Studies, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Maya Sialuk Jacobsen
Affiliation:
Inuit Tattoo Tradition, Svendborg, Denmark
*
*Author for correspondence: [email protected]
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Abstract

The Tyrolean ice mummy known as Ötzi presents some of the earliest direct evidence of tattooing in the human past. Despite decades of study, it remains unclear how the Iceman's tattoos were created and what tools and methods were used. Popular discussions of the Iceman describe his tattoos as having been made by incision, first cutting the skin and then rubbing in pigment from the surface. The authors review the scholarly literature on the Iceman's tattoos and summarize ethnographic, historic, and anthropological research on global patterns of tattooing to contextualize the Iceman's marks within pre-electric tattooing traditions. The results of recent experimental tattooing studies are then compared to the physical signature of the Iceman's marks to evaluate existing claims and provide informed hypotheses as to how those tattoos were created.

Le corps de l'homme conservé par le glacier de l'Ötztal, surnommé Ötzi, présente parmi les plus anciennes preuves de tatouage dans l'histoire de l'humanité. Cependant, malgré des décennies de recherches, la méthode de tatouage et les instruments utilisés pour tatouer Ötzi restent incertains. On présume que ces tatouages avaient été incisés, donc produit par une entaille dans laquelle on frottait ensuite un pigment. Les auteurs de cet article passent en revue les publications sur le tatouage de l'homme des glaces et font le point sur les études ethnographiques, historiques et anthropologiques concernant le tatouage à l’échelle mondiale dans le but de contextualiser les marques découvertes sur Ötzi avant l'avènement du tatouage électrique. Ils comparent les résultats obtenus par expérimentation aux traces relevées sur les tatouages anciens afin d’évaluer les théories en vigueur et de formuler des hypothèses valables sur la réalisation du tatouage de l'homme des glaces. Translation by Madeleine Hummler

Die im Tirol entdeckte Gletschermumie, auch „Mann im Eis“ oder „Ötzi“ genannt, gehört zu den ältesten Beweisen der Tätowierungskunst der Menschheit. Trotz jahrzehntelange Untersuchungen bleiben die Verfahren und die Geräte, die bei der Tätowierungen von Ötzi benutzt wurden, weitgehend unbekannt. Man hat angenommen, dass seine Tätowierungen eingeschnitten wurden, also dass die Haut zuerst geschnitten wurde und dann ein Pigment eingerieben wurde. Die Verfasser besprechen die wissenschaftlichenVeröffentlichungen, die Ötzis Tätowierungen betreffen, und fassen die Ergebnisse von ethnografischen, historischen und anthropologischen Studien über globale Tendenzen in der Tätowierungskunst zusammen, um die Markierungen auf dem Körper der Mumie im Rahmen der vor-elektrischen Tätowierungstraditionen zu kontextualisieren. Sie vergleichen die Ergebnisse von neuen experimentalen Studien mit den erhaltenen Tätowierungen, bewerten bestehende Aussagen und formulieren informierte Hypothesen über die Erzeugung der Tätowierungen der Gletschermumie. Translation by Madeleine Hummler

Keywords

tattooIcemanChalcolithicexperimental archaeologyTyrolÖtzitatouagehomme des glacesChalcolithiquearchéologie expérimentaleTyrolÖtziTätowierungMann im EisKupferzeitexperimentelle ArchäologieTyrolÖtzi
Type
Article
Information
European Journal of Archaeology , Volume 27 , Issue 3 , August 2024 , pp. 267 - 288
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the European Association of Archaeologists

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