Healthcare workforce needed for the future

The COVID-19 pandemic laid bare the weak spots and vulnerabilities of healthcare delivery and exposed the lack of a robust and nimble healthcare workforce across the continuum of care, creating substantial challenges in responding to an infectious disease crisis. In preparation for future pandemics, the healthcare workforce will need to have an agile knowledge and skill set. Experience in the COVID-19 response has demonstrated the expansion of remote healthcare delivery, including telehealth, in the diagnosis and treatment of pandemic agents and continuing routine medical care in a manner supporting safety of HCP and patients. ⁴

Technological innovations can be used to improve planning and allocation of limited HCP and other resources. With investment, artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies can be used to detect infectious disease threats. The early identification of threats through technological advances can be leveraged alongside the human workforce, including HCP, to accelerate and support pandemic preparedness and response. Examples include the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Center for Forecasting and Outbreak Analytics and public-private partnerships that utilize data sharing and analytics to predict demands on the healthcare workforce. Prediction modeling could be coupled with reduction in administrative burden, for example for credentialling, to allow the healthcare workforce to be rapidly deployed if needed in an emergency situation. Furthermore, one unified federal licensing system can be adopted during emergencies, to allow for HCP to be credentialed across multiple state lines if technical expertise or frontline support is needed. This approach can reduce the time needed for an effective response to meet the needs of patients.

Identification of early signals of potential pandemics, including responses to any changing landscape of a myriad of global pathogens and environmental interactions, requires a change in our existing paradigm and definition of healthcare workforce. Currently, the healthcare workforce in acute care and other healthcare settings, including PALTC, is composed of key categories with job descriptions across the continuum of care (Table 1). To prepare for future pandemics that may be associated with emerging pathogens with pandemic potential, the response will require healthcare facilities to expand the pool of HCP, including those involved with direct clinical care and nonclinical support staff. This can involve dynamic strategies that increase the overall number of available HCP in specific settings to meet demands and cross-train existing HCP. Facilities will also need robust expertise in data analytics; business processes; technology and robotic support; climate scientists and environmental microbiologists with knowledge and ability to develop predictive models, respond to external threats, and work collaboratively with clinicians and policy makers.

Table 1. Examples of members in the healthcare workforce impacted by pandemic preparedness and response*

* This list is not intended to be all-inclusive of all members of the healthcare workforce. Additional stakeholders in outbreak response and incident management can be referenced in the SHEA Outbreak Response and Training Program accessible at Potential Stakeholders—Outbreak Response Tool Kits Outbreak Response Tool Kits (guidelinecentral.com)

** includes body substances (e.g., blood, tissue, and specific body fluids); contaminated medical supplies, devices, and equipment; contaminated environmental surfaces; or contaminated air

Table 2. Building a strong and resilient healthcare workforce: challenges, recommendations to policymakers, and examples

Healthcare workforce shortages

A robust, well-trained, and dynamic healthcare and public health workforce is critical in adequately preparing for and addressing the clinical and public health needs of the population. Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, there were already identified national shortages of physicians and nurses as well as public health professionals. ^{Reference Zhang, Tai, Pforsich and Lin5}

Changes in the healthcare workforce may exacerbate shortages and healthcare disparities

In addition to the existing shortages, the ageing healthcare workforce may result in further challenges in meeting demands, particularly in underserved areas. A substantial proportion of the healthcare workforce, including physicians and nurses are 55 years of age or older. ^{Reference Liu, Goryakin and Maeda6,Reference Buerhaus, Auerbach and Staiger7} In addition to higher risk of severe infection from COVID-19, older HCP are closer to retirement and are less likely to remain working full-time, potentially exacerbating current challenges if a pipeline of future HCP with relevant expertise is not supported. Substantial geographical variability within the ageing healthcare workforce intensifies existing HCP shortages in underserved communities.

The direct impact of COVID-19 on the healthcare workforce

In the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a notable decline in the healthcare workforce across healthcare sectors, generally attributed to job loss, reductions in elective clinical services, and attrition. ^{Reference Bhandari, Batra and Upadhyay8} The pandemic also had an appreciable adverse impact on the mental and physical health of HCP ^{Reference Lai, Ma, Wang and Cai9,Reference Teo, Chay and Cheung10} resulting in further attrition of the healthcare workforce and exacerbating existing shortages and disparities. In addition to those who have already left healthcare, a large proportion of HCP have described an intention to leave their jobs in the near future, potentially exacerbating current challenges and creating vulnerabilities if another emergency occurs in the near future. ^{Reference Sinsky, Brown and Stillman11} Public health workers have seen similarly high rates of mental health challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic. ^{Reference Bryant-Genevier, Rao and Lopes-Cardozo12}

The COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated the importance of a dynamic healthcare workforce, one that can adapt to the changing needs of the population. In the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic, there was an immediate and intense need to mobilize the healthcare workforce to provide care to large numbers of patients who were acutely ill, many of whom required hospitalization and intensive care. After the initial wave of infections, HCPs were needed to provide care to patients who had delayed care during the initial pandemic surge, many of whom had delayed time-sensitive care, including elective surgeries and interrupted care for chronic medical conditions. ^{Reference Czeisler, Marynak and Clarke13} Additionally, the pandemic created new needs following the initial surge of infections including infection prevention-related care, such as rapid deployment of vaccines and prophylactic medications and long-term care for those recovering from the first wave. The ability of the HCP to sustain resiliency and pivot through various phases of a pandemic while maintaining focus on infection prevention and the physical and mental health of the workforce will be critical in future pandemic preparedness.

The COVID-19 pandemic also highlighted the geographical maldistribution of HCP in the United States. ¹ As the pandemic evolved regionally, many areas of the country with existing HCP shortages were disproportionately impacted by infection spread. This coupling of high community transmission and inadequate staffing in underserved areas, with existing health inequities, resulted in poorer outcomes in patients with COVID-19, loss of opportunity to mitigate infection transmission, and increased health inequities. These challenges may be partially alleviated by a national system for tracking licensing and credentialling so that HCPs are more easily relocated to areas with high needs.

Healthcare epidemiologists and infection preventionists role in pandemic preparedness and response

Grounded in specialized training and background, healthcare epidemiologists and infection preventionists have central roles in pandemic preparedness and response. ^{Reference Banach, Johnston and Al-Zubeidi14} Healthcare epidemiologists serve as content experts within an overall incident management structure and as leaders of infection prevention and control-related activities. Throughout various phases of the COVID-19 pandemic, the responsibilities of healthcare epidemiologists and infection preventionists have varied in response to evolving community-level transmission and progression. These responsibilities include infection prevention-oriented activities to prevent transmission of SARS-CoV-2 to patients, HCP, learners, and visitors as well as addressing concerns for the spread of other healthcare-associated infections. ¹⁵ Additionally, many healthcare epidemiologists and infection preventionists have taken on expanded roles in community outreach and education. This includes providing expertise to non-healthcare entities on infection control and prevention and COVID-19 vaccination, and engaging with media for dissemination of scientific information and addressing public questions. The capacity to take on expanded roles during a novel pandemic or infectious disease emergency can be limited by institutional support, including allocated time and financial resources. Forthcoming work from SHEA will describe the development, evaluation, and implementation of strategies to support resiliency and sustainability of the Infection Prevention workforce.