In memory of Earle R. Ryba of The Pennsylvania State University
I. INTRODUCTION
Alectinib hydrochloride (marketed under the trade name Alcensa®) is used to treat non-small-cell-lung cancer that has spread to other parts of the body (metastasis). The systematic name of alectinib hydrochloride (CAS Registry Number 1256589-74-8) is 9-ethyl-6,6-dimethyl-8-(4-morpholin-4-ylpiperidin-1-yl)-11-oxo-5H-benzo[b]carbazole-3-carbonitrile hydrochloride. A two-dimensional molecular diagram of alectinib hydrochloride is shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1. The two-dimensional structure of alectinib hydrochloride.
X-ray powder diffraction data are reported for crystalline Type I of alectinib hydrochloride in European Patent EP3135671 B1 (Tanaka and Ueto, Reference Tanaka and Ueto2019; Chugai Seiyaku Kabushiki Kaisha), and Type II and Type III are claimed (Figure 2). The crystal structures have not yet been reported. A process for preparing alectinib hydrochloride and Types IV, V, and VI are claimed in International Patent Application WO2019/008520 A1 (Tomar et al., Reference Tomar, Azim, Gupta, Lahiri and Cabri2019; Fresenius Kabi Oncology Ltd.) and its US equivalent US 2020/0140427 A1 (Tomar et al., Reference Tomar, Azim, Gupta, Lahiri and Cabri2020). These Fresenius applications also claim a process for preparing alectinib free base and crystalline Form B of alectinib.
Figure 2. X-ray powder diffraction patterns of crystalline Type I (black), II (green), and III (red) of alectinib hydrochloride from European Patent EP3135671 B1 (Tanaka and Ueto, Reference Tanaka and Ueto2019; Chugai Seiyaku Kabushiki Kaisha). The patent patterns (measured using Cu Kα radiation) were digitized using UN-SCAN-IT (Silk Scientific, 2013). The image is generated using JADE Pro (MDI, 2023).
This work was carried out as part of a project (Kaduk et al., Reference Kaduk, Crowder, Zhong, Fawcett and Suchomel2014) to determine the crystal structures of large-volume commercial pharmaceuticals and include high-quality powder diffraction data for them in the Powder Diffraction File (Gates-Rector and Blanton, Reference Gates-Rector and Blanton2019).
II. EXPERIMENTAL
Alectinib hydrochloride used in this study was a commercial reagent, purchased from TargetMol (Batch #142717), and was used as-received. The white powder was packed into a 1.5 mm diameter Kapton capillary and rotated during the measurement at ~50 Hz. The powder pattern was measured at 295 K at beamline 11-BM (Antao et al., Reference Antao, Hassan, Wang, Lee and Toby2008; Lee et al., Reference Lee, Shu, Ramanathan, Preissner, Wang, Beno, Von Dreele, Ribaud, Kurtz, Antao, Jiao and Toby2008; Wang et al., Reference Wang, Toby, Lee, Ribaud, Antao, Kurtz, Ramanathan, Von Dreele and Beno2008) of the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory using a wavelength of 0.459744(2) Å from 0.5 to 40° 2θ with a step size of 0.001° and a counting time of 0.1 s/step. The high-resolution powder diffraction data were collected using 12 silicon crystal analyzers that allow for high angular resolution, high precision, and accurate peak positions. A mixture of silicon (NIST SRM 640c) and alumina (NIST SRM 676a) standards (ratio Al2O3:Si = 2:1 by weight) was used to calibrate the instrument and refine the monochromatic wavelength used in the experiment.
The pattern was indexed using JADE Pro (MDI, 2023) on a primitive monoclinic unit cell with the following parameters: a = 12.66430, b = 10.43968, c = 20.37822 Å, β = 93.21°, V = 2690.00 Å3, and Z = 4. The space group suggested by EXPO2014 (Altomare et al., Reference Altomare, Cuocci, Giacovazzo, Moliterni, Rizzi, Corriero and Falcicchio2013) was P2 1/n, which was confirmed by the successful solution and refinement of the structure. A reduced cell search of the Cambridge Structural Database (Groom et al., Reference Groom, Bruno, Lightfoot and Ward2016) yielded 14 hits, but none were structures of alectinib derivatives.
The alectinib molecule was downloaded from PubChem (Kim et al., Reference Kim, Chen, Cheng, Gindulyte, He, He, Li, Shoemaker, Thiessen, Yu, Zaslavsky, Zhang and Bolton2023) as Conformer3D_CID_49806720.sdf and was converted into a .mol2 file using Mercury (Macrae et al., Reference Macrae, Sovago, Cottrell, Galek, McCabe, Pidcock, Platings, Shields, Stevens, Towler and Wood2020). The structure was solved by Monte Carlo-simulated annealing techniques as implemented in EXPO2014 (Altomare et al., Reference Altomare, Cuocci, Giacovazzo, Moliterni, Rizzi, Corriero and Falcicchio2013) using an alectinib molecule and a Cl atom as fragments. Analysis of potential hydrogen bond interactions made it clear that N5 was protonated, and H72 was added to that atom using Materials Studio (Dassault, 2022).
Rietveld refinement was carried out with GSAS-II (Toby and Von Dreele, Reference Toby and Von Dreele2013). Only the 2.0–25.0° 2θ portion of the pattern was included in the refinements (d min = 1.062 Å). All non-H-bond distances and angles were subjected to restraints based on a Mercury/Mogul Geometry Check (Bruno et al., Reference Bruno, Cole, Kessler, Luo, Motherwell, Purkis, Smith, Taylor, Cooper, Harris and Orpen2004; Sykes et al., Reference Sykes, McCabe, Allen, Battle, Bruno and Wood2011). The Mogul average and standard deviation for each quantity were used as the restraint parameters. The benzene and fused 5/6 rings were restrained to be planar. The restraints contributed 5.8% to the final χ 2. The hydrogen atoms were included in calculated positions, which were recalculated during the refinement using Materials Studio (Dassault, 2022). The U iso of the C, N, and O atoms were grouped by chemical similarity. The Cl atom was refined anisotropically. The U iso values for the H atoms were fixed at 1.3× the U iso values of the heavy atoms to which they are attached. The peak profiles were described using the generalized microstrain model (Stephens, Reference Stephens1999). The background was modeled using a 6-term shifted Chebyshev polynomial, with a peak at 5.87° 2θ to describe the scattering from the Kapton capillary and an amorphous component.
The final refinement of 145 variables using 23,037 observations and 105 restraints yielded the residuals R wp = 0.08848 and goodness of fit = 1.16. The largest peak (0.23 Å from C25) and hole (1.63 Å from O2) in the difference Fourier map were 0.20(5) and –0.23(5) eÅ−3, respectively. The final Rietveld plot is shown in Figure 3. The largest features in the normalized error plot are very small and represent subtle errors in peak shapes.
Figure 3. The Rietveld plot for the refinement of alectinib hydrochloride. The blue crosses represent the observed data points, and the green line is the calculated pattern. The cyan curve is the normalized error plot, and the red line is the background curve. The vertical scale has been multiplied by a factor of 20× for 2θ > 15.0°.
A default geometry optimization of the alectinib hydrochloride crystal structure using Vienna Ab Initio Structure Package (VASP) (Kresse and Furthmüller, Reference Kresse and Furthmüller1996) through the MedeA graphical interface (Materials Design, 2016) moved H72 from N5 to Cl71. Higher-level calculations using more k-points and/or a higher energy cutoff yielded the same chemically unreasonable result. A geometry optimization (fixed experimental cell) and population analysis were carried out using CRYSTAL23 (Erba et al., Reference Erba, Desmarais, Casassa, Civalleri, Donà, Bush, Searle, Maschio, Daga, Cossard, Ribaldone, Ascrizzi, Marana, Flament and Kirtman2023). The 6-31d1G basis sets for the H, C, N, and O atoms in the calculation were those of Gatti et al. (Reference Gatti, Saunders and Roetti1994), and the triple-zeta basis set for Cl was that of Peintinger et al. (Reference Peintinger, Vilela Oliveira and Bredow2013). The calculations were run on a 3.5 GHz PC using 8 k-points and the B3LYP functional and took ~14.5 days.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The powder pattern of the alectinib hydrochloride measured here agrees well enough with that reported for Type I (Tanaka and Ueto, Reference Tanaka and Ueto2019; Chugai Seiyaku Kabushiki Kaisha) to conclude that they represent the same material (Figure 4). The asymmetric unit contains one alectinib cation and one chloride anion (Figure 5).
Figure 4. Comparison of the synchrotron pattern of alectinib hydrochloride from this study (black) to that of Form I from European Patent EP3135671 B1 (Tanaka and Ueto, Reference Tanaka and Ueto2019; Chugai Seiyaku Kabushiki Kaisha, green). The patent pattern (measured using Cu Kα radiation) was digitized using UN-SCAN-IT (Silk Scientific, 2013) and converted to the synchrotron wavelength of 0.459744 Å using JADE Pro (MDI, 2023). The image is generated using JADE Pro (MDI, 2023).
Figure 5. The asymmetric unit of alectinib hydrochloride is depicted, with the atom numbering included. The atoms are represented by 50% probability spheroids/ellipsoids. The image is generated using Mercury (Macrae et al., Reference Macrae, Sovago, Cottrell, Galek, McCabe, Pidcock, Platings, Shields, Stevens, Towler and Wood2020).
The root-mean-square Cartesian displacement of the non-H atoms in the Rietveld-refined and CRYSTAL23-optimized cation structures is 0.181 Å (Figure 6); the maximum deviation is 0.419 Å at N5. The orientations of the methyl groups differ in the refined and optimized structures, but the final H positions in the refined structure were determined by a force field; the difference with the full density functional theory (DFT) optimization is not significant. The absolute position difference between the Cl71 in the refined and optimized structures is 0.704 Å. The agreement of the cations is within the normal range for correct structures (van de Streek and Neumann, Reference van de Streek and Neumann2014) and confirms that the structure is correct. The agreement of the anion position is outside the typical range for correct organic structures but is not uncommon for inorganic anions. The chemically unreasonable VASP optimization provides a good reminder that DFT calculations are not always correct. The reminder of this discussion will emphasize the CRYSTAL23-optimized structure.
Figure 6. Comparison of the Rietveld-refined (red) and CRYSTAL23-optimized (blue) structures of alectinib hydrochloride. The rms Cartesian displacement for the cation is 0.181 Å. The image is generated using Mercury (Macrae et al., Reference Macrae, Sovago, Cottrell, Galek, McCabe, Pidcock, Platings, Shields, Stevens, Towler and Wood2020).
Almost all of the bond distances and bond angles fall within the normal ranges indicated by a Mercury Mogul Geometry check (Macrae et al., Reference Macrae, Sovago, Cottrell, Galek, McCabe, Pidcock, Platings, Shields, Stevens, Towler and Wood2020). The C15–N5 distance of 1.476 Å (average = 1.352(16) Å, Z-score = 4.7) is flagged as unusual. The C35–C32–C30 angle of 116.2° (average = 119.5(5)°, Z-score = 6.2) is also flagged as unusual. The high Z-score results from the exceptionally low standard uncertainty on the average. No hits were found for the C12–C15–N5 and C21–C15–N5 angles.
Quantum chemical geometry optimization of the isolated cation (DFT/B3LYP/6-31G*/water) using Spartan ‘20 (Wavefunction, 2022) indicated that the solid-state conformation of the cation is 6.5 kcal/mol higher in energy than the local minimum, which has a very similar conformation. The global minimum-energy conformation is 0.7 kcal/mol lower in energy and has slightly different orientations of the morpholine and piperidine rings. Intermolecular interactions thus help determine the solid-state conformation.
The crystal structure (Figure 7) consists of stacks of molecules along the b-axis. The mean plane of the fused ring system is approximately −2,11,12. The Mercury Aromatics Analyser indicates one moderate interaction between the fused ring systems, at 5.25 Å, and three weak interactions.
Figure 7. The crystal structure of alectinib hydrochloride is viewed down the b-axis. The image is generated using Diamond (Crystal Impact, 2023).
Analysis of the contributions to the total crystal energy of the structure using the Forcite module of Materials Studio (Dassault Systèmes, 2022) suggests that the intramolecular energy is dominated by angle distortion terms, as expected for a molecule containing a fused ring system. The intermolecular energy is dominated by electrostatic attractions, which, in this force field analysis, include hydrogen bonds. The hydrogen bonds are better analyzed using the results of the DFT calculation.
The protonated N5 makes two strong discrete N–H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds to the chloride anion (Table I). These link the cations and anions into chains along the b-axis. Several C–H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds also link the cations and anions. Intra- and inter-molecular C–H⋯N and C–H⋯O hydrogen bonds also contribute to the lattice energy.
TABLE I. Hydrogen bonds (CRYSTAL23) in alectinib hydrochloride.
a Intramolecular.
The volume enclosed by the Hirshfeld surface of alectinib hydrochloride (Figure 8, Hirshfeld, Reference Hirshfeld1977; Spackman et al., Reference Spackman, Turner, McKinnon, Wolff, Grimwood, Jayatilaka and Spackman2021) is 663.77 Å3, which is 98.57% of the unit cell volume. The packing density is thus fairly typical. The only significant close contacts (red in Figure 8) involve the hydrogen bonds. The volume/non-hydrogen atom is typical at 18.2 Å3.
Figure 8. The Hirshfeld surface of alectinib hydrochloride. Intermolecular contacts longer than the sums of the van der Waals radii are colored blue, and contacts shorter than the sums of the radii are colored red. Contacts equal to the sums of radii are white. The image is generated using CrystalExplorer (Spackman et al., Reference Spackman, Turner, McKinnon, Wolff, Grimwood, Jayatilaka and Spackman2021).
The Bravais–Friedel–Donnay–Harker (Bravais, Reference Bravais1866; Friedel, Reference Friedel1907; Donnay and Harker, Reference Donnay and Harker1937) morphology suggests that we might expect roughly isotropic morphology for alectinib hydrochloride. A second-order spherical harmonic model was included in the refinement. The texture index was 1.009(0), indicating that the preferred orientation was not significant in this rotated capillary specimen.
IV. DEPOSITED DATA
The powder pattern of alectinib hydrochloride from this synchrotron data set has been submitted to ICDD for inclusion in the Powder Diffraction File. The Crystallographic Information Framework (CIF) files containing the results of the Rietveld refinement (including the raw data) and the DFT geometry optimization were deposited with the ICDD. The data can be requested at [email protected].
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Use of the Advanced Photon Source at the Argonne National Laboratory was supported by the U. S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357. This work was partially supported by the International Centre for Diffraction Data. We thank Saul Lapidus for his assistance in the data collection.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
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