The paper is motivated by an analogy between cluster algebras and Kac–Moody algebras: both theories share the same classification of finite type objects by familiar Cartan–Killing types. However, the underlying combinatorics beyond the two classifications is different: roughly speaking, Kac–Moody algebras are associated with (symmetrizable) Cartan matrices, while cluster algebras correspond to skew-symmetrizable matrices. We study an interplay between the two classes of matrices, in particular, establishing a new criterion for deciding whether a given skew-symmetrizable matrix gives rise to a cluster algebra of finite type.

We consider a variation of the list colouring problem in which the lists are required to be sets of consecutive integers, and the colours assigned to adjacent vertices must differ by at least a fixed integer $s$. We introduce and investigate a new parameter $\tau(G)$ of a graph $G$, called the consecutive choosability ratio and defined to be the ratio of the required list size to the separation $s$ in the limit as $s\to\infty$.

We show that the above limit exists and that, for finite graphs $G,\ \tau(G)$ is rational and is a refinement of the chromatic number $\chi(G)$. We provide general bounds on $\tau(G)$, and determine its value for various classes of graphs including bipartite graphs, circuits, wheels and balanced complete multipartite graphs. Finally, we explore relationships between $\tau(G)$ and the circular chromatic number $\chi_{\mathrm{c}}(G)$.

We consider a class of reductive linear groups defined in terms of weighted oriented graphs of a special sort that we call signed quivers. Each of these yields a symmetric quiver, that is, a quiver endowed with an involutive anti-automorphism together with signs for the vertices and arrows fixed by the involution. The orbits of the groups can be described in terms of the indecomposable symmetric representations of symmetric quivers. We provide a general description of the indecomposable symmetric representations and prove that their dimensions in the finite and tame cases constitute root systems corresponding to certain symmetrizable generalized Cartan matrices.

We consider bihomogeneous polynomials on complex Euclidean spaces that are positive outside the origin and obtain effective estimates on certain modifications needed to turn them into squares of norms of vector-valued polynomials on complex Euclidean space. The corresponding results for hypersurfaces in complex Euclidean spaces are also proved. The results can be considered as Hermitian analogues of Hilbert's seventeenth problem on representing a positive definite quadratic form on $\mathbb{R}^n$ as a sum of squares of rational functions. They can also be regarded as effective estimates on the power of a Hermitian line bundle required for isometric projective embedding. Further applications are discussed.

For a real set $A$ consider the semigroup ${\mathcal S}(A)$, additively generated by $A$; that is, the set of all real numbers representable as a (finite) sum of elements of $A$. If $A\subseteq(0,1)$ is open and non-empty, then ${\mathcal S}(A)$ is easily seen to contain all sufficiently large real numbers, and we let $G(A):=\sup\{u\in{\mathbb R}: u\notin{\mathcal S}(A)\}$. Thus $G(A)$ is the smallest number with the property that any $u>G(A)$ is representable as indicated above.

We show that if the measure of $A$ is large, then $G(A)$ is small; more precisely, writing for brevity $\alpha:= {\rm mes\,} A$, we have

\[ G(A) \le \begin{cases} (1-\alpha)\lfloor 1/\alpha\rfloor &\text{if $0<\alpha\le 0.1$}, \\ (1-\alpha+\alpha\{1/\alpha\})\lfloor 1/\alpha\rfloor &\text{if $0.1 \le \alpha \le 0.5$}, \\ 2(1-\alpha) &\text{if $0.5 \le \alpha \le 1$}. \\ \end{cases} \]

Indeed, the first and the last of these three estimates are the best possible, attained for $A=(1-\alpha,1)$ and $A=(1-\alpha,1)\setminus\{2(1-\alpha)\}$, respectively; the second is close to the best possible and can be improved by $\alpha\{1/\alpha\}\lfloor 1/\alpha\rfloor\le\{1/\alpha\}$ at most.

The problem studied is a continuous analogue of the linear Diophantine problem of Frobenius (in its extremal settings due to Erdös and Graham), also known as the ‘postage stamp problem’ or the ‘coin exchange problem’.

Every field $K$ admits proper projective extensions, that is, Galois extensions where the Galois group is a non-trivial projective group, unless $K$ is separably closed or $K$ is a pythagorean formally real field without cyclic extensions of odd degree. As a consequence, it turns out that almost all absolute Galois groups decompose as proper semidirect products.

We show that each local field has a unique maximal projective extension, and that the same holds for each global field of positive characteristic. In characteristic 0, we prove that Leopoldt's conjecture for all totally real number fields is equivalent to the statement that, for all totally real number fields, all projective extensions are cyclotomic. So the realizability of any non-procyclic projective group as Galois group over ${\mathbb Q}$ produces counterexamples to the Leopoldt conjecture.

In 1989 Happel asked the question whether, for a finite-dimensional algebra $A$ over an algebraically closed field $k,\ \text{\rm gl.dim\,} A< \infty$ if and only if $\text{\rm hch.dim\,} A < \infty$. Here, the Hochschild cohomology dimension of $A$ is given by $\text{\rm hch.dim\,} A := \inf \{ n \in \mathbb{N}_0 \mid \dim \textit{HH}^i(A)=0 \text{ for }i > n \}$. Recently Buchweitz, Green, Madsen and Solberg gave a negative answer to Happel's question. They found a family of pathological algebras $A_q$ for which $\text{\rm gl.dim\,} A_q = \infty$ but $\text{\rm hch.dim\,} A_q=2$. These algebras are pathological in many aspects. However, their Hochschild homology behaviors are not pathological any more; indeed one has $\text{\rm hh.dim\,} A_q = \infty=\text{\rm gl.dim\,} A_q$. Here, the Hochschild homology dimension of $A$ is given by $\text{\rm hh.dim\,} A := \inf \{ n \in \mathbb{N}_0 \mid \dim \textit{HH}_i(A)=0 \text{ for } i > n\}$. This suggests posing a seemingly more reasonable conjecture by replacing the Hochschild cohomology dimension in Happel's question with the Hochschild homology dimension: $\text{\rm gl.dim\,} A < \infty$ if and only if $\text{\rm hh.dim\,} A < \infty$ if and only if $\text{\rm hh.dim\,} A = 0$. The conjecture holds for commutative algebras and monomial algebras. In the case where $A$ is a truncated quiver algebra, these conditions are equivalent to the condition that the quiver of $A$ has no oriented cycles. Moreover, an algorithm for computing the Hochschild homology of any monomial algebra is provided. Thus the cyclic homology of any monomial algebra can be read off when the underlying field is characteristic 0.

A group $G$ is said to have the Bergman property (the property of uniformity of finite width) if given any generating $X$ with $X=X^{-1}$ of $G$, we have that $G=X^k$ for some natural $k$, that is, every element of $G$ is a product of at most $k$ elements of $X$. We prove that the automorphism group $\operatorname{Aut}(N)$ of any infinitely generated free nilpotent group $N$ has the Bergman property. Also, we obtain a partial answer to a question posed by Bergman by establishing that the automorphism group of a free group of countably infinite rank is a group of uniformly finite width.

We prove that simple, thick hyperbolic P-manifolds of dimension at least three exhibit Mostow rigidity. We also prove a quasi-isometry rigidity result for the fundamental groups of simple, thick hyperbolic P-manifolds of dimension at least three. The key tool in the proof of these rigidity results is a strong form of the Jordan separation theorem, for maps from $S^n\rightarrow S^{n+1}$ which are not necessarily injective.

We say that a finite abelian group does not have the Rédei property if it can be expressed as a direct product of two of its subsets such that both subsets contain the identity element and both subsets span the whole group. It will be shown that only a small fraction of the finite abelian groups can have the Rédei property. For groups of odd order an explicit list of the possible exceptions is compiled.

We investigate the limit functions of iterates of a function belonging to a convergence group or of a uniformly quasiregular mapping. We show that it is not possible for a subsequence of iterates to tend to a non-constant limit function, and for another subsequence of iterates to tend to a constant limit function. It follows that the closure of the stabiliser of a Siegel domain for a uniformly quasiregular mapping is a compact abelian Lie group, which we further conjecture to be infinite. This result concerning possible limits of convergent subsequences of iterates for holomorphic rational functions on the Riemann sphere is known, and the only known method of proof involves universal covering surfaces and Möbius groups. Hence, our method yields a new and perhaps more elementary proof also in that case.

Poincaré's classification of the dynamics of homeomorphisms of the circle is one of the earliest, but still one of the most elegant, classification results in dynamical systems. Here we generalize this to quasiperiodically forced circle homeomorphisms homotopic to the identity, which have been the subject of considerable interest in recent years. Herman already showed two decades ago that a unique rotation number exists for all orbits in the quasiperiodically forced case. However, unlike the unforced case, no a priori bounds exist for the deviations from the average rotation. This plays an important role in the attempted classification, and in fact we define a system as $\rho$-bounded if such deviations are bounded and as $\rho$-unbounded otherwise. For the $\rho$-bounded case we prove a close analogue of Poincaré's result: if the rotation number is rationally related to the rotation rate on the base then there exists an invariant strip (the appropriate analogue for fixed or periodic points in this context), otherwise the system is semi-conjugate to an irrational translation of the torus. In the $\rho$-unbounded case, where neither of these two alternatives can occur, we show that the dynamics are always topologically transitive.

In this paper we study the pseudo-spectra of the rotated harmonic oscillator. The pseudo-spectra of an operator are subsets in the complex plane which describe where the resolvent is large in norm. The study of such subsets allows us to understand the stability of the spectrum under perturbations and the possible calculation of ‘false eigenvalues’ far from the spectrum by algorithms for computing eigenvalues. The rotated harmonic oscillator is the simplest classic non-self-adjoint quadratic Hamiltonian, which has already been studied by Davies and Boulton. In one of his works, Boulton states a conjecture about the pseudo-spectra of this operator, which describes the instabilities for high energies. We can deduce this conjecture from a study of Dencker, Sjöstrand and Zworski, which gives bounds on the resolvent for a semi-classical pseudo-differential operator in a very general setting. In the present paper, we give a more elementary proof of this result using only some non-trivial localization scheme in the frequency variable.

Criteria for selfadjointness of integral operators, including matrix operators, based on our earlier domination results are established. The range of applicability is elucidated by carefully chosen examples, not covered by previously known criteria.

Remez-type inequalities provide upper bounds for the uniform norms of polynomials $p$ on given compact sets $K$, provided that $|p(x)|\leq1$ for every $x\in K\setminus E$, where $E$ is a subset of $K$ of small measure. In this paper we prove sharp Remez-type inequalities for homogeneous polynomials on star-like surfaces in $\mathbb{R}^d$. In particular, this covers the case of spherical polynomials (when $d=2$ we deduce a result of Erdélyi for univariate trigonometric polynomials).

The main objective of this paper is to establish a large deviation principle for heat kernel measures on loop spaces. It gives an extension of Fang and Zhang's results on loop groups. For the proof, we use the continuity theorem of Lyons' rough path theory.