Presentation

A 38-year-old male with chest discomfort and suspected cardiac mass was transferred to our unit. The patient has no history of genetic diseases or Kawasaki disease. Chest radiography suggested the protrusion of the cardiac margin (Figure 1A, arrow). Transthoracic echocardiography showed an unknown mass near the apex of the ventricle and abnormally dilated left coronary artery (Figure 1B, arrow). Coronary CT angiogram revealed and confirmed a giant coronary artery aneurysm (75 mm x 43 mm) in the left coronary artery with mural thrombosis and calcification and abnormal origin of left anterior descending and left circumflex (Figure 1C and D, arrows). MRI further showed that the giant coronary artery aneurysm (Figure 2A and B, arrows, Supplementary Video 1) significantly compressed the septum and right ventricular apical segment, resulting in limited septal movement and right ventricular stenosis. Cardiac single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) revealed the giant coronary artery aneurysm, deformed cardiac cavity, and areas of myocardial perfusion loss, and finally confirmed by coronary angiography, which showed the formation of the giant coronary artery aneurysm (Figure 2C and D, arrows, Supplementary Video 2). The giant coronary artery aneurysm (Figure 3A, dotted area) was opened and explored under cardiopulmonary bypass, and a large number of mixed thrombi and calcified tissue were exposed (Figure 3B). The patient was discharged uneventfully 7 days after surgery.

Figure 1. Chest radiography suggested the protrusion of cardiac margin ( a ); echocardiography showed an unknown mass and abnormally dilated left coronary artery ( b ); CT angiogram revealed giant coronary artery aneurysms ( c and d ). AO = Aorta; LCA = Left Coronary Artery; CAA = Coronary Artery Aneurysms.

Figure 2. Magnetic resonance imaging ( a and b ), cardiac SPECT( c ), and coronary angiography ( d ) revealed the giant coronary artery aneurysms. LCA = Left Coronary Artery; CAA = Coronary Artery Aneurysms.

Figure 3. The giant coronary artery aneurysms ( a ) and many mixed thrombi and calcified tissue ( b ).

Comment

In 1761, coronary artery aneurysm was first described and defined. ^{Reference El Khoury, Anugu, Salmane, Karam, Imam and Warchol5} Its diameter is more than four times the diameter of the reference vessel, or if the diameter of coronary artery aneurysm is greater than 8 mm, it is called “giant,” while coronary artery dilatation directly exceeding 2 cm is very rare. ^{Reference Kato, Sugimura and Akagi3,Reference El Khoury, Anugu, Salmane, Karam, Imam and Warchol5} The giant coronary artery aneurysm is a very rare finding (0.02% of the general population) ^{Reference Bjelobrk, Dodic and Miljkovic1,Reference Kato, Sugimura and Akagi3} , in which the right coronary artery is most often affected by aneurysms; however, the presence of coronary artery aneurysms in all 3 vessels or common trunk (left main) is a rare case. ^{Reference Jha, Ouda, Khan, Eising and Augustin6} Coronary artery aneurysm is mainly asymptomatic and is often found by accident in coronary angiography. This diagnostic method can provide information about the size, shape, and location of coronary artery aneurysm, but it cannot reflect the information about the vascular wall. There is an underestimation of the actual size of an aneurysm, and even coronary artery aneurysm is ignored, because it may be blocked by a large thrombus or plaque. In recent years, intravascular ultrasound has been used to provide transmural images of coronary arteries, to obtain information about arterial wall structure and lumen composition. ^{Reference El Khoury, Anugu, Salmane, Karam, Imam and Warchol5,Reference Maehara, Mintz and Ahmed7} Most angiographically diagnosed aneurysms have the morphology of complex plaques or normal segments of adjacent stenosis, and only one-third are true or pseudoaneurysms. ^{Reference El Khoury, Anugu, Salmane, Karam, Imam and Warchol5} However, other non-invasive examinations, such as echocardiography, CT coronary angiography, and MRI, can be used for the follow-up of suspected or treated coronary artery aneurysm patients. ^{Reference El Khoury, Anugu, Salmane, Karam, Imam and Warchol5,Reference Maehara, Mintz and Ahmed7}

Coronary artery aneurysm is an extremely rare disease. At present, there is no large-scale randomised clinical trial to compare the response of different treatment methods to coronary artery aneurysm. Therefore, the best management strategy at present is based on case reports, small case series, and personal experience. Treatment must be individualised according to the aetiology, location, symptoms, size, disease progression, the existence of infection, and the degree of any coexisting atherosclerosis. Even today, the treatment strategy is still open to debate. Asymptomatic coronary artery aneurysms should be treated with statins to block the inflammatory pathway leading to the development of coronary artery aneurysms. ^{Reference El Khoury, Anugu, Salmane, Karam, Imam and Warchol5} If thrombosis or embolism is a problem, long-term use of anti-platelets or anticoagulants should be considered. Percutaneous coronary intervention with stents can be used in patients with appropriate anatomy, but the risk of restenosis is high, especially in patients with coronary artery aneurysms > 10 mm. ^{Reference Szalat, Durst, Cohen and Lotan8} Surgery is a good alternative, particularly if a giant coronary artery aneurysm has a high risk of rupture and coexisting atherosclerosis. What’s more, we also suggest that surgical treatment should be actively carried out in the following cases, such as coronary artery aneurysms with cardiac cavity compression; imaging findings showed a progressive increase of coronary artery aneurysms; coronary artery aneurysms from the aneurysm to distal coronary artery embolisation leading to myocardial ischaemia; fistula formation; and coronary artery aneurysms near the left trunk or branch.

Giant coronary artery aneurysms are very rare. Clinical manifestations may vary, and maintaining a high degree of suspicion is essential to avoid delayed diagnosis and increase the risk of cardiovascular complications. The management of coronary artery aneurysms remains a challenge and should be individualised to each patient based on a comprehensive clinical evaluation. Moreover, the strategy also depends on the personal experience of the medical centre in treating this abnormality. However, a clear evidence-based management strategy has not been established.